Chapter 7 Flashcards
What happend when eople were asked if they had seen nonexistent footage of a plane crash in amsterdam
more than half the People falsely reported having seen the video and when asked provided further details
What were the results in an experiment testing recall of an office?
Students remembered things about the office that were in line with their expectation of an office (ie. shelves with books) rather than what was actually there (no books)
What are transplant errors?
either
a) a bit of information encountered in one context is traansplanted into another because the two episodes become interwoven
b) elements that were part of your thinking get misremembered as being part of the actual event
how does understanding/ making connections help and hurt recall?
helps: because connections form retrieval paths to help you find the info
hurts: because you can lose sight of the borders between events and other related knowlegde
define intrusion errors
errors in which other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event
give an example of how understanding can cause intrusion errors
Participants given a prologue to a text recalled said text better BUT had 4 times more intrusion errors than those who did not receive the additional context
What is the DRM procedure? How does it show how connections hurt memory during recall?
a list of words with a common theme word are presented and later recalled. However the theme word (ie. sleep) is not on the list but because all other words are connected to it, people spontaneous remember having heard it as often as the actual words on the list
How does the DRM procedure show how connections hurt memory during recognition?
when asked to recognize presented words as being from the previous list, subjects are just as likely to recognize the theme word (sleep) as they are to recognize actual list words
What happens if subjects are warned about the nature o the DRM procedure? what does this tell us?
They continue to make errors. Shows us that the mechanisms leading to memory errors are automatic and cannot be inhibited
define schema and what it does
broad pattern of what’s normal in a situation - can be used to fill in gaps of a recalled event
- makes the world seem more normal
- makes the past seem more regular
How can schematic knowledge hurt recall?
if you forget a detail your schema will fill the gap with what is typical even if that’s not actually what was there. Creates a tendency towards regularization
How did bartlett demonstrate the tendency to regularization in his research
showed participants a native american story and asked them to recall. They changed or dropped items that were unfamiliar or inexplicable to make the story fit their existing schmatic framework. Their memories “cleaned up” the story to be more coherent
In what 3 ways can memory connection undermine accuracy
- confuse multiple episodes and other knowldge
- remember things as more regular (adding/subtracting elements to fit a schemata
- Remember whole events that never happened
Eye witness errors account for ____ of the false convictions
3/4 - more than all other causes combined
In Loftus and palmers smash/hit study what did they find?
participants asked how fast cars were going when they smashed into each-other (vs hit) estimated 20% higher speed. IN addition a week later they were asked in a neutral way about broken glass and the smashed group made this error
What did the studies about misleading information show
When given false suggestions about an event ( either from the researcher, another witness or even themselves) after some time is past up to 1/3 of subjects incorporate the misleading information into their recall
What makes an attempt at manipulating memory more successful
- plausible memories rather than implausible ones will more likely be remembered
- use “imagination inflation” and get them to vividly imagine the false event
what is consistent among all manipulation of memory experiments
regardless of procedure (subtle vs. blatant) or the materials it is always remarkably easy to alter someone’s memory of the past
what is the misinformation effect
Subjects memories are influenced by misinformation after the episode is over
Could subjects be biased to remember people differently?
yes with a few suggestions subjects remembered thin people as fat, old people as young etc.
How did experimenters show the misinformation effect on a larger scale (parents)
told students to retell an experience reported by their parents some were factitious others real. after repeated attempts 25% recall the imagined event
What happened when participants were provided with fake photo evidence
many participants remembered the event in vivid dtail although it never happned
- same effect with a simple unaltered photo to show they have acess to subjects childhoods
What experiment demonstrated childrens’ vulnerability to the misinformation effect?
Children took part in experiment with mr. sceince and then discussed ficticious events about the experience with their parents, when asked to later recall the event many included the fake details
What type of false memories can be implanted as shown by these experiments
- small details
- false memory of entire events
- emotional episodes (lost in mall)
- your own transgressions (spilling punch bowl)