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HSC 308: Exam #1 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

organization of nervous system - CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

general nervous system functions

A

control of the internal environment
voluntary control of movement
programming spinal cord reflexes
assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

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2
Q

organization of nervous system - PNS

A

neurons outside the CNS

sensory and motor division

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3
Q

PNS - sensory division

A

afferent fibers transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

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4
Q

PNS - motor division

A
  • efferent fibers transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs
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5
Q

organization of the nervous system - interneurons

A

2/3 of the body
the neurons inbetween (no a/efferent)
do most of thinking with interneurons

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6
Q

afferent nerves

A

signals into PNS

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7
Q

efferent fibers

A

signals away from PNS

somatic motor and autonomic

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8
Q

structure of a neuron

A

cell body - contains the nucleus
dendrites - conducts impulses towards cell body
axon - carries electrical impulse away from cell body
synapse - contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron
- the communication point

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9
Q

saltation

A

jumping from node to node on an axon

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10
Q

multiple sclerosis and nervous system function

A
  • neurological disease that destroys myelin sheaths of axons
  • has genetic component
  • due to immune attack on myelin
  • results in progressive loss of nervous system function
  • autoimmune disease
  • exercise can improve functional capacity
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11
Q

electrical activity in neurons

A
  • neurons are an “excitable tissue”
  • irritability
  • conductivity
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12
Q

irritibility

A

ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse

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13
Q

conductivity

A

transmission of the impulse along the axon

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14
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • (-) charge inside cells at rest (-5 to -100, -40 to -75 in neurons)
  • determined by permeability of plasma membrane to ions and difference in ion concentrations across membrane
  • maintained by sodium-potassium pump
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15
Q

macronutrients

A
  • carbohydrates, fats, proteins
  • 4 kcal per gram - carbs and fats
  • 9 kcal per gram - protein
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16
Q

Action Potential

A
  • occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell (- to +)
    • opens Na+ channels and Na+ diffuses into cell (inside becomes more (+))
  • repolarization
  • all-or-none law
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17
Q

action potential - repolarization

A
  • return to resting membrane potential
  • K+ leaves the cell rapidly (+ to -)
  • Na+ channels close
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18
Q

action potential - all or none law

A
  • once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron
  • it either fires or it doesnt, no in-between
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19
Q

Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission: synapse

A

small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

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20
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane

  • binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
21
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - EPSP

A

increases the chance that the next neuron will fire

  • causes depolarization
  • temporal (time) summation
    • summing several EPSPs from one presynaptic neuron
22
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - spatial summation

A

summing from several different presynaptic neurons

23
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - IPSP

A

causes hyperpolarization

24
sensory information and reflexes - proprioceptors
provide CNS with information about body position | - located in joints and muscles
25
sensory information and reflexes - kinesthesia
conscious recognition of the position of body parts | - limb movement rates
26
sensory information and reflexes - joint proprioceptors
free nerve endings: sensitive to touch and pressure Golgi-type receptors: ligaments and around joints Pancian corpsuscles: in tissues around joints
27
sensory information and reflexes - muscle proprioceptors
``` provide sensory feedback to nervous system - tension development by muscle - account of muscle length muscle spindle golgi tendon organ ```
28
muscle spindle
``` sense length of the muscle consists of: - intrafusal fibers - gamma motor neurons stretch reflex - stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction ```
29
intrafusal fibers
run parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal fibers)
30
gamma motor neurons
stimulate intrafusal fibers to contract with extrafusal fibers (by alpha motor neuron)
31
Golgi tendon organ
- monitors tension developed in muscle - stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle - ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition may be related to gains in strength - the harder you contract, the more you stimulate GTO
32
muscle chemorecptors
- sensitive to changes in the chemical environment surrounding a muscle - provide CNS with information about metabolic rate of muscular activity (important in regulation of cardivascular and pulmonary responses)
33
withdrawal reflex - reflex contraction of skeletal muscle
- occurs in response to sensory input | - not dependent on higher brain centers
34
withdrawal reflex - pathways of neural reflex
- sensory nerve sends impulse to spinal column - interneurons activate motor neurons - motor neurons control movement of muscles
35
withdrawal reflex - reciprocal inhibition
- EPSPs to muscles to withdraw from stimulus | - IPSPs to antagonistic muscles
36
withdrawal reflex - crossed extensor reflex
- opposite limb supports body during withdrawal of injured limb
37
Somatic motor function
every muscle fiber is connected to an alpha motor neuon | brain recruits motor units, not muscle fibers
38
somatic motor function - somatic motor neurons of PNS
- responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles
39
somatic motor function - motor unit
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
40
somatic motor function - innervation ratio
- # of muscle fibers per motor neuron - low ratio in muscles that require fine motor control - higher ratio in other muscles
41
innervation ratio - low ratio
23/1 in extraocular muscles | - muscles in hand --> small ratio because need fine motor control
42
innervation ratio - higher ratio
- 1,000/1 or greater in large muscles
43
motor unit recruitment and the size principle - motor unit recruitment
recruitment of more muscle fibers through motor unit activation
44
motor unit recruitment and the size principle - size principle
smallest motor units are recruited first | - produce larger EPSP and result in action potential sooner
45
motor unit recruitment and size principle - types of motor units
- type s (slow) or type I fibers - smallest - type FR (fast, fatigue resistant) or type IIa fibers - intermediate - type FF (fast, fatigable) or type IIx fibers - largest
46
recruitment pattern during incremental exercise
type S - type FR - type FF
47
vast majority of people are _% fast twitch and _% slow-twitch
50, 50
48
vestibular appartus
- sensory - located in inner ear - responsible for maintaining general equilibrium and balance - maintains head position - sensitive to changes in linear and angular acceleration - stimulated by head movement - also controls head and eye movement during exercise
49
motor control functions of the brain - brainstem
``` - responsible for: many metabolic functions cardiorespiratory control complex reflexes (cough, sneeze) - major structures: medulla pons midbrain reticular formation - if damaged, you are pretty much dead ```
50
motor control functions of the brain - cerebellum
- coordinates and monitors complex movement incorporates feedback from proprioceptors - has connections to: motor cortex brain stem spinal cord - may initiate fast, ballistic movements

HSC 308: Exam #1 (3 decks)

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