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PBD1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

desmoplasia

A

abundant collagenous stroma

benign

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2
Q

scirrhous

A

benign stony hard tumors (breast)

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3
Q

sarcomas

A

arise from mesenchyme and have little CT

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4
Q

carcinomas

A

arise from epithelium

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5
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

mixed tumors

A

divergent differentiation of single neoplastic clone along 2 lineages, but only one germ layer involved

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7
Q

pleomorphic adenoma

A

arise from mixed tumors

most common in parotid gland

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8
Q

malignant tumors that sound benign

A

lymphoma
melanoma
mesothelioma
seminoma

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9
Q

hematomas

A

disorganized, benign cells

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10
Q

choristoma

A

congenital anomaly

heterotopic rest of cells

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11
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

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12
Q

major components of anaplasia

A

pleomorphism
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitoses
loss of polarity

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13
Q

minor components of anaplasia

A

tumor giant cells (don’t confuse w/langhans cells)

central necrosis

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14
Q

autosomal dominant cancers

A 
childhood retinoblastoma
familial adenomatous polyposis
Li-Fraumen syndrome
multiple endocrein neoplaia 1 and 2
HNPCC
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15
Q

childhood retinoblastoma

A

RB tumor supressor gene

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16
Q

familial adenomatous polyposis

A

APC tumor supressor gene

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17
Q

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2

A

MENI TF

RET tyrosine kinase genes

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18
Q

HNPCC

A

hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer

inactivation of DNA mismatch repair gene

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19
Q

defective DNA syndrome

A

usually autosomal recessive
xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia-telangiectasia, bloom syndrome
HPNCC most common

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20
Q

glioblastomas often secrete what GF

A

PDGF

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21
Q

sarcomas often secrete what GF

A

TGF alpha

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22
Q

RET gene

A

MEN2a and 2b and medullary thyroid cancer

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23
Q

RAS

A

point mutations in this family is single most common abnormality of proto-oncogenes in humans

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24
Q

KRAS

A

carcinomas of colon and pancreas

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25
Q

HRAS

A

carcinomas of bladder

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26
Q

NRAS

A

hematopoietic cancer

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27
Q

Blocking RAS

A

blocks proliferative response to EGF, PDGF, CSF-1

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28
Q

BRAF

A

member of RAS family
60% of cancers
80% of benign growths

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29
Q

BCR-ABL

A

mutated tyrosine kinase due to translocation

designer drug imatinib mesylate blocks BCR-ABL kinase

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30
Q

MYC

A

most commonly implicated TF
modulates histones methylation, decreases cell adhesion, increased cell mortality, increased telomerase activity, increased protein synthesis, decreased proteinase, and modulated cell metabolism, possibly interacts with DNA repair mechanism

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31
Q

CIP/WAF family

A

CDKI
broadly block CDKs
p21, p27,p57

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32
Q

INK4 family

A

block specifically cyclin D/CDK4A and cyclin D/CDK6

p15, p18, p19

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33
Q

RB

A

13q14
active hypophosphorylated state in quiescent cells
inactive hyperphosphorylated state in G1/S transition
controls cell cycle and stability of p27 and involved w/differentiation

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34
Q

early G1

A

RB active and bound to E2F family of TF inhibiting cyclin E

also recruits chromatin remodeling proteins which bind E2F responsive genes (cyclin E) making them insensative to TFs

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35
Q

mitogenic signals

A

activate cyclin D expression -> cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes-> complexes phosphorylate RB -> inactive -> progress thru cell cycle

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36
Q

M phase

A

phosphates removed -> RB active

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37
Q

mir34

A

critical for p53 function

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38
Q

activators of p53

A

ATM and ATR

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39
Q

MDM2

A

blocks p53

released from p53 if DNA damage repair successful

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40
Q

p53 collaborators

A

p63, p73

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41
Q

APC

A

adenomatous polyposis coli genes
tumor suppressors
component of WNT pathway to down regulate beta catenin by complexing with it so it becomes degraded

42
Q

germ line mutations of APC

A

only 1 mutant allele 1000’s of polyps in colon by teens

gives rise to colon cancer after loss of second allele

43
Q

B catenin

A

degraded by being bound to APC
also contact inhibited by normal cell connections via E-cadherin
WNT blocks APC complex -> B catenin -> nucleus -> increase c-MYC, and cyclin D1

44
Q

INK4a/ARF

A

aka CDKN2A
p16/INK4aCDK blocks cyclin D/CDK2
P14/ARF increase p53 by blocking MDM2

45
Q

TGF beta

A

blocks proliferation
binds serine-threonine kinase complex composed of TGFbetaR I&2-> dimerize -> SMADs translocate to nucleus -> bind SMAD4 -> TF -> increase CDKIs p21 and p15
also blocks c-MYC, CDK2, CDK4, cyclins A and E
100% of pancreatic cancers have mutated TGF beta and 83% of colon cancers

46
Q

PTEN

A

membrane bound associated phosphatase
inhibits prosurvival/growth PI3K/AKT pathway -> BAD, MDM2, AKT
may be most commonly mutated pathway in human cancers

47
Q

cower syndrome

A

autosomal dominant
marked by frequent benign growths
increased in epithelial cancers

48
Q

AKT

A

activated by PTEN

inactivates TSC1/TSC2 complex

49
Q

TSC1 and TSC2

A

products of tumor supressor genes which are mutated in tuberous sclerosis

50
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder associated w/development malformations
usually benign neoplasms
inactivation of TSC1/2 unleashes mTOR
mTOR stimulates uptake of nutrients for growth and augments protein synthesis

51
Q

NF1

A

if mutated develop numerous benign nuerofibromas and optic n gliomas
neurofibromatosis type 1
some become malignant peripheral n sheath tumors
RAS trapped activated

52
Q

NF2

A

less common then NF1
neurofibromatosis type 2
benign bilateral schwannomas of acoustic n
cannot form normal cell to cell jnx, therefore insensitive to growth arrest signals generated by contact

53
Q

VHL

A

part of ubiquitan ligase complex
critical substrate is HIF1alpha
in presence of oxygen HIF1alpha is hydroxylated and bound to VHL -> ubiquinated -> degraded
hypoxic -> HIF1 alpha to nucleus -> VEGF, PDGF

54
Q

VHL mutations

A

renal cancer, pheochrmocytoms, hemangioblastoms of CNS(due to increased erythropoietin produced by tumor), retinal angiomas, renal cysts

55
Q

WT1

A

wilms tumor -> pediatric kidney cancer

WT1 protein is transcriptional activator for renal and gonadal differentiation

56
Q

Patched

A

PTCH1 and 2 tumor suppressor genes encode PATCHED protein which interacts w/hedgehog
regulated by TGFbeta, PDGF

57
Q

mutations in Patched

A

gorlin syndrome, aka nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

58
Q

evasion of apoptosis

A

decreased FAS/CD95
increased FLIP (binds death domain, cannot activate caspase8)
BCL2- overexpressed by translocation w/IgH genes
mutated p53 -> increase BAX

59
Q

Mutations which increase VEGF

A

RAS, MYC

60
Q

vascular dissemination and homing of tumor cells

A

use CD44 adhesion molecule to migrate to lymphoid tissue

61
Q

metastases blocked by

A

mir335

mir126

62
Q

metastases increased by

A

mir10b

63
Q

metastases oncogenes

A

SNAIL, TWIST

usually promote epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

64
Q

hnpcc

A 
hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndromj
familial carcinoms of colon
defects in gene mismatch
microsatellite instabilites
germ line mutations in MSH2 and MLH1
65
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum

A

increased risk for development of skin cancers

loss of nucleotide excision repair

66
Q

diseases w/defects in DNA repair by homologous recombinations

A

bloom syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, fanconi anemia
hypersenativity to DNA damaging agents
BRCA1&2

67
Q

Warburg effect

A

tumors utilize glycolysis even in presence of oxygen

68
Q

burkitt lymphoma

A

movement of MYC closer to IGH

69
Q

mantle cell lymphoma

A

cycin D over expressed by being placed next to IGH

70
Q

follicular lymphomas

A

translocation which activated BCL2 gene

71
Q

CML

A

fusion of C-ABL and BCR -> constitutively activated tyrosine kinase

72
Q

MLL

A

50+ translocation fusions creating TFs

73
Q

fusions

A

usually inhibit tumor supressors

74
Q

prostate adenocarcinmoas have what fusions

A

TMPRSS2

ET family TFs

75
Q

amplified genes

A

lack normal banding patterns appear homogenous in G-banded karyotypes

76
Q

N-MYC

A

gene amplification
neuroblastoma
poor prognosis

77
Q

ERBB2

A

gene amplification
breast cancer
will probably respond well to Ab therapy

78
Q

EZH2

A

implicated in epigenetic changes

79
Q

CYP1A1

A

codes for enzyme in cytochrome p-450

light smokers with this genotype 7x increased risk of lung cancer then other smokers

80
Q

Aflatoxin beta 1

A

targets p53

81
Q

HTLV-1

A 
human T cell leukemia virus type 1
epidemic in japan and carribean
CD4 cells
does not contain nor integrate near oncogenes
Tax gene
82
Q

TAX proteins

A

activate proliferation genes
blocks p16 while increasing cyclins
activates NF-kB -> prosurvival and antiapoptotic genes
also interferes w/DNA repair

83
Q

HPV

A

benign squamous papillomas

84
Q

which HPV strands are most implicated w/ cancer and what type of cancer

A

16&18

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix and anogenital region

85
Q

pathogenesis of HPV

A

integration occurs in cancer at randon site

viral products E6 and E7 increase GFs (these only released if DNA integrated)

86
Q

E7

A

blocks CDKIs and activates cyclins

87
Q

E6

A

degrades p53 and BAX and activates telomerase

p53 ARG72 much more susceptible to p53

88
Q

EBV associated cancers

A

african form of burkitt lymphoma, B cell lymphomas in immuosupressed, subset of hodgkin lymphoma, gastric carcinomas, rare T cell and NK cell lymphoma

89
Q

EBV pathogenesis

A

uses CD21R to attach to B cell
latent infection, but immortalizes cells
releases LMP1, EBNA2, vIL-10

90
Q

LMP1

A

from EBV viron
acts on oncogene behaving lie constituently activated CD40R which stimulates B cells
also blocks apoptosis by BCL2

91
Q

EBNA2

A

from EBV viron
mimics constituently active NotchR
increases cyclin D and SRC family of proto-oncogenes

92
Q

v-IL10

A

from EBV viron

blocks macrophages and monocytes from activating T cells

93
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

90% of african tumors carry EBV genome, but only found in 15-20% else where
african form does not express LMP1 or EBNA2

94
Q

nasopharyngeal cancers

A

100% contain EBV DNA

95
Q

Heliobacter

A

uses CagA gene to penetrate into gastric epithelium and mimic GFs

96
Q

cushings syndrome

A

increased pro-opiomelanocortins and corticotropins

97
Q

PSA

A

prostatic carcinoma

98
Q

CEA

A

colon, pancreas, stomach, breast

99
Q

AEP

A

hepatocellullar carcinomas, yolk cell carcinomas

100
Q

CA125

A

ovarian cancer

101
Q

IGs

A

multiple myelomas

PBD1 (6 decks)

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