Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the retention of information over time

Question 2

Paradox of memory

Answer 2

Our memory system can be absolutely amazing in some cases but completely terrible in others

Question 3

Reconstructive nature of memory

Answer 3

Memory is not a video recorder, we reconstruct memories from fragments of information

Question 4

Hyperthymestic Syndrome

Answer 4

People can often recall every detail of every day in perfect clarity

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

A brief storage system for perceptual information before it passes on to short-term memory

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

visual

Question 7

Echoic memory

Answer 7

Auditory

Question 8

Photographic memory

Answer 8

People can hold a visual image in their mind with perfect clarity
May be due to an unusually long iconic sensory memory duration

Question 9

Short-term (working) memory

Answer 9

○ Retains a limited amount of information for a limited duration
○ Also referred to as working memory because the information is what we are currently thinking about

Question 10

Decay

Answer 10

the loss of STM information due to the passage of time

Question 11

Interference

Answer 11

The new and old information create conflict that causes information to be lost from the system

Question 12

Proactive interference

Answer 12

Old information causes problems in learning about new interference

Question 13

retroactive interference

Answer 13

new learning causes problems for earlier learning

Question 14

chunking

Answer 14

the process by which we group items into larger “bits

Question 15

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 15

Simply repeating information back in its original form. Generally effortless

Question 16

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 16

Elaborate on things that we need to remember by linking them together in a meaningful way. Takes effort

Question 17

Long-term memory

Answer 17

Our relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills

Question 18

Explicit (declarative)

Answer 18

Memory we can recall intentionally. Requires conscious effort to recall. Information is easy to verbalize

Question 19

Semantic

Answer 19

our knowledge about facts and our world

Question 20

Episodic:

Answer 20

our recollection of events in our lives

Question 21

Implicit (non-declarative)

Answer 21

Memory that we do not recall intentionally and cannot easily verbalize when asked. Does not require conscious effort to recall

Question 22

Procedural

Answer 22

Memory for motor skills and habits

Question 23

Priming

Answer 23

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily of more quickly when we have encountered it before

Question 24

TLM and STM differences

Answer 24

• LTM has much larger capacity and a much longer duration
• Errors in LTM are generally based on semantic information - mistakes related to meaning
• Errors in STM are generally acoustic - mixing up information based on a similar sounding item

Question 25

Encoding

Answer 25

Translating information into a neural code so that it can be stored for later use

Question 26

Storage

Answer 26

the process by which information is maintained over time

Question 27

Measure retrieval

Answer 27

§ Recall testing: short answer question, essays questions § Recognition testing: multiple choice § Relearning

Question 28

Schemas

Answer 28

* An organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory * Assists us with interpreting new situations

Question 29

Law of disturbed vs. Massed Practice

Answer 29

* Learning material over many short bursts leads to much more effective retrieval than learning in one long session Encoding Specificity

Question 30

Encoding Specificity

Answer 30

* A phenomena where we are more likely to remember information if there is a match between conditions at study and test

Question 31

Engram

Answer 31

the physical trace of each memory In the brain

Question 32

Long-term Potentiation (LRP)

Answer 32

The gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation Demonstrates that an engram does not exist. Instead, memories are diffusely stored

Question 33

Where is memory stored

Answer 33

The Hippocampus does not store memories itself. It is activated to help develop/ strengthen neural connections in the prefrontal cortex and other areas The hippocampus is needed for encoding. But prefrontal cortex is one of the biggest storage areas

Question 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 34

a loss of information that happened in the past

Question 35

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 35

an inability to form new long-term memories. "forward acting"

Question 36

Flashbulb memories

Answer 36

* An emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Question 37

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 37

Inability of adults to retrieve accurate memories before 2-3 years of age

Question 38

Source Monitoring Errors

Answer 38

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Question 39

Cryptomnesia

Answer 39

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

Question 40

The Misinformation Effect

Answer 40

The creating of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about n event after it takes place