Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a change in behaviours or thoughts as a result of experience

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

The process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
Highly adaptive process. has limits

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

an increase in vigour of behaviour that can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus

Question 4

Pavlov’s Discoveries

Answer 4

the discovery of classical conditioning

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrences of a second stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Question 6

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 6

Stimulus that naturally elicits an automatic response

Question 7

Unconditional Response (UCR)

Answer 7

The natural response elicited by the UCS

Question 8

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 8

A stimulus that does not naturally or normally elicit a response

Question 9

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 9

A previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response due to pairings with the UCS

Question 10

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 10

The response that is elicited by the CS

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

○ The process of learning that the CS predicts the imminent arrival of the UCS
○ CS grows in strength with repeated pairings. This growth represents learning

Question 12

Asymptote

Answer 12

○ When the CR occurs with every presentation of the CS, and the CR is similar in magnitude to the UCR
○ No further learning occurs
Extinction

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

When a CS is presented without the US. The CS slowly lose the ability to elicit a CR

Question 14

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 14

When a seemingly extinct CR reappears if the CS is presents again following a delay after extinction

Question 15

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 15

Once a CS has been established (e.g. It produces a CR reliably) similar stimuli may also produce a CR

Question 16

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Answer 16

Fetishism, Drug tolerance

Question 17

Operant Conditioning

Answer 17

-Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behaviour.
Stimulus -> Response -> Outcome

Question 18

Law of effect

Answer 18

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

Any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

Behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behaviour is strengthened

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

Behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually something unpleasant) and the behavior is strengthened

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

any outcome that weakens the probability of a response

Question 23

Positive Punishment

Answer 23

Behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a punisher) and the behaviour is weakened

Question 24

Negative Punishment

Answer 24

Behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually a reinforcer/ appetitive stimulus) and the behavior is weakened

Question 25

Disadvantages of Punishment

Answer 25

- Tells an organism what not to do. Does not tell it what it should do ○ Creates anxiety, which interferes with future learning ○ Encourages subversive behaviour ○ May create a model a behaviour towards others

Question 26

Discriminative Stimulus(S^d)

Answer 26

any stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement

Question 27

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 27

the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement

Question 28

Continuous Reinforcement Schedules (CRF)

Answer 28

-Reinforces a behaviour every time it occurs -Fast learning, but labor intensive -Extinction can occur quickly

Question 29

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement schedules (PRF)

Answer 29

○ Only some responses are reinforces ○ Slower learning, but less labor intensive and more resistance to extinction

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

○ Reinforcer delivered after a fixed number of responses ○ Pause after reinforcer delivered (post-reinforcement pause) is common ○ Moderate rate of responding

Question 31

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 31

○ Reinforcer delivered after a variable number of responses that average around a particular number ○ No pauses seen in this schedule ○ Very high rate of responding

Question 32

Fixed Interval Schedules

Answer 32

○ First response after a specific period of time will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer ○ Responses before the interval has elapsed lead to nothing ○Scalloped-shaped response curve

Question 33

Variable interval schedule

Answer 33

○ First response after a varying, unpredictable period of time, has elapsed ○ Period of time is centered around some average, but still unpredictable ○ Responses before the interval has elapsed lead to nothing ○ Responses before the interval has elapsed lead to nothing ○ Moderate rate of responding. No pauses

Question 34

Applicants of operant conditioning

Answer 34

-Overcoming Procrastination -Token economies -Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) for assisting individuals with autism to improve/develop language skills

Question 35

S-O-R (cognitive) Model of Learning

Answer 35

Describes the connection between (S) stimuli (such as external factors) that will affect organisms(O) (cognition and emotion of people) and the (R) response people have to the stimulus

Question 36

Latent Learning

Answer 36

Learning that is not directly observable. Knowledge that is acquired and can be used later, when needed

Question 37

Cognitive Maps

Answer 37

Mental representation of spatial layouts

Question 38

Tolman's maze learning experiments

Answer 38

Suggests that learning provides knowledge and expectation of what leads to what

Question 39

Observational Learning

Answer 39

Learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

Question 40

Highly adaptive

Answer 40

If learning were trial and error on our own we would learn very slowly

Question 41

Observational Learning and aggression

Answer 41

Children who watch an aggressive model yell at a doll imitated the behaviour later. Also more likely to escalate aggressive behaviour

Question 42

Biological Preparedness

Answer 42

Biologically prewired to learn behaviours related to survival

Question 43

Conditioned taste aversions

Answer 43

classically conditioned association between the taste of food and feelings of illness/disgust

Question 44

Preparedness

Answer 44

Innate (inborn) tendency for an organism to more easily learn certain types of behaviours or to associate certain types of events with each other

Question 45

Instinctive Drift

Answer 45

Instinctive drift is the tendency of animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement