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Fire Officer > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary responsibility of fire and emergency responders?

A

To protect their lives and property while serving others

This ensures that they can effectively manage emergency situations without becoming part of the emergency themselves.

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2
Q

What can happen if responders become injured during emergency operations?

A

Resources may need to be redirected away from the original objectives of the incident

This can negatively impact the outcome of the original incident.

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3
Q

What is the role of company officers in ensuring safety?

A

To create a culture of safety and prevent accidents, illnesses, and minimize risks

This includes being familiar with industry standards, best practices, and safety policies.

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4
Q

What does NFPA 1021 (2020) emphasize for company officers?

A

Knowledge of local, state/provincial, and federal laws and standards relating to firefighter safety and health

This is crucial for promoting a safe work environment.

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5
Q

What is one standard that departments should reference to promote safety?

A

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety, Health, and Wellness Program

This standard helps establish safety-oriented culture within the department.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Company officers should implement _______ that are specific to their department’s operations.

A

[safety policies and procedures]

Implementing tailored safety policies is vital for effective safety management.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the NFPA 1584 standard?

A

To outline the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Training Exercises

This standard is crucial for maintaining responder health during operations.

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8
Q

True or False: The Occupational Safety & Health Standard (OSHA) does not include respiratory protection guidelines.

A

False

OSHA 29 CER 1910.134 specifically addresses Respiratory Protection.

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9
Q

What is the significance of establishing a safety-oriented culture in a fire department?

A

Prevent accidents, avoid illness and minimize the exposure to risk
## Footnote

A safety-oriented culture is essential for minimizing risks and preventing accidents.

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10
Q

List three safety standards or regulations that company officers should be familiar with.

A
  • NFPA 1500
  • NFPA 1561
  • NFPA 1582

Familiarity with these standards is essential for ensuring firefighter safety and health.

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11
Q

What must company officers be familiar with?

A

Local safety policies and procedures

This includes understanding their applications in the workplace.

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12
Q

What should periodic training sessions ensure?

A

Unit members are familiar with safety policies and procedures

Training should cover practical applications.

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13
Q

What must be included in practical training evolutions?

A

Application of all appropriate safety policies

This is essential for company-level training.

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14
Q

What should company officers ensure regarding personnel qualifications?

A

Qualifications are appropriate and current for each individual’s duty assignment

This ensures readiness and compliance.

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15
Q

Give examples of personnel qualifications.

A
  • Medical certifications
  • Vehicle and apparatus operation certifications
  • Professional qualifications

These qualifications are critical for effective duty performance.

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16
Q

According to NFPA 1021 (2020), what is the workplace for fire and emergency responders?

A

Not a single location; it includes multiple locations connected by routes of transportation

This highlights the dynamic nature of their work environment.

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17
Q

What can the organization and company officer directly control?

A

The organization’s facilities, stations, and apparatus

These are made as safe as possible for operations.

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18
Q

How can the workplace generally be divided for fire and emergency responders?

A
  • Emergency scene
  • En route to and from the emergency scene
  • Facilities

Understanding these divisions aids in safety management.

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19
Q

What is workplace safety?

A

Activities that ensure a safe work environment and protect employees from job-related injuries, illnesses, and exposures to hazardous materials.

It includes the responsibility of management to provide a safe workplace.

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20
Q

Who holds the ultimate responsibility for workplace safety?

A

The organization’s management.

This includes ensuring personal accountability.

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21
Q

What are the key components to achieving workplace safety?

A

Good leadership, training, policies, procedures, and maintenance of facilities and equipment.

Company officers play a crucial role in implementing these components.

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22
Q

What is the role of company officers in workplace safety?

A

Responsible for implementing policies and procedures and reporting the need for maintenance or replacement of unsafe equipment.

They must also address safety issues during shifts.

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23
Q

What are common acute injury types in emergency services?

A
  • Trauma
  • Asphyxiation
  • Cuts and bruises
  • Thermal stress

These injuries are prevalent due to the physically demanding nature of emergency response.

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24
Q

What must company officers recognize to ensure safety?

A

Unsafe acts by crew members and unsafe conditions.

They must be able to stop unsafe acts and take appropriate action.

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25
Q

What type of injuries are most common among fire and EMS personnel?

A

Sprains and strains.

These injuries are often due to the physical demands of emergency responses.

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26
Q

True or False: Company officers should only address safety issues during roll call.

A

False.

Safety issues should be addressed continuously during shifts.

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27
Q

What are examples of chronic injuries?

A

Exposure to carcinogens, behavioral health issues such as PTSD

Chronic injuries can result from long-term exposure to harmful substances or psychological stressors.

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of incident fatalities?

A

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest highlights the importance of physical fitness in safety and wellness programs.

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29
Q

What should be a priority in safety, health, and wellness programs?

A

Physical fitness

Emphasizing physical fitness can help reduce fatalities in emergency situations.

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30
Q

What is one resource that can be used for physical fitness guidelines?

A

LAFF/LAFG/NVEC wellness initiatives

These initiatives provide structured physical fitness programs.

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31
Q

What skills are important for preventing emergency scene injuries?

A

Accurate scene size-up skills

Effective scene size-up can help manage risks and develop operational strategies.

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32
Q

What practices should be utilized to devise the overall operational strategy?

A

Sound risk management practices

These practices help in minimizing risks during emergency responses.

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33
Q

What must company officers do regarding policies and procedures at emergency scenes?

A

Comply, enforce, and educate personnel

Ensuring adherence to policies is crucial for maintaining scene safety.

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34
Q

What are unsafe acts?

A

Internal factors performed by the company officer or crew member

Unsafe acts can compromise safety during emergency operations.

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35
Q

What are unsafe conditions?

A

Externally controlled factors that should be recognized and addressed

Addressing unsafe conditions is essential for ensuring safety on the scene.

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36
Q

Name one incident scene risk control measure.

A

Use of accountability systems

Accountability systems help track personnel and ensure safety.

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37
Q

What is a mandatory requirement for emergency scene operations?

A

Mandatory respiratory protection plans

These plans protect responders from inhaling hazardous substances.

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38
Q

What should health and wellness SOPs include?

A

Rehab

Rehabilitation is critical for maintaining responder health during incidents.

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39
Q

What system should be implemented for incident management?

A

National Incident Management System-Incident Command System (NIMS-ICS)

NIMS-ICS provides a standardized framework for incident management.

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40
Q

What should company officers do to stay current on trends within fire and emergency services?

A

Reference cause, injury, and fatality statistical data

Staying informed helps in understanding and mitigating risks.

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41
Q

Name one organization in the United States that provides injury and fatality information.

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

NIOSH is a key source for occupational safety data.

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42
Q

What is an example of an unsafe act during on-scene operations?

A

Freelancing or operating independently of the company officer or Incident Commander’s control

Such actions can jeopardize the safety and effectiveness of emergency responses.

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43
Q

What is the importance of training programs for scene safety?

A

To ensure responders do not perform unsafe acts

Training prepares responders to act safely and effectively in emergencies.

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44
Q

What are the incident priorities that a company officer must follow at an emergency scene?

A

Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation

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45
Q

List three examples of unsafe conditions at emergency scenes.

A
  • Zero visibility
  • Unsafe structural conditions
  • Rapidly moving or uncontrolled fires
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46
Q

True or False: Smoke can contain toxic gases that are harmful if inhaled.

A

True

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47
Q

What are two hazardous components found in smoke?

A
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Hydrogen cyanide
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48
Q

Fill in the blank: Smoke may contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and _______ that can penetrate firefighter protective clothing.

A

[PAHs]

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49
Q

What should personnel do to minimize exposure to smoke?

A
  • Use monitoring and detection devices
  • Implement scene control zones
  • Wear full PPE including SCBA in the hot zone
  • Ensure PPE fits properly
  • Locate apparatus and command posts upwind from smoke
  • Limit time exposed to smoke
  • Utilize fans and/or water curtains
  • Allow time for hazardous concentration levels to decrease
  • Undergo decontamination per SOPs
  • Wash with soap and water after exposure
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50
Q

What is the recommended method for washing after smoke exposure?

A

Washing with soap (Dawn® Dishwashing Liquid) and water

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51
Q

What should NOT be used during preliminary exposure reduction procedures?

A

Wipes that contain alcohol or alcohol derivatives

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52
Q

List two factors that contribute to unsafe conditions at emergency scenes.

A
  • Hostile crowds
  • Unstable vehicles
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53
Q

What is a key reason to wear full PPE in the hot zone?

A

To protect against smoke and hazardous materials

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54
Q

What is the importance of situational awareness at emergency scenes?

A

To recognize and respond to potential hazards effectively

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55
Q

What happens if PPE does not fit properly?

A

It may not provide adequate protection against hazards

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56
Q

Fill in the blank: The absence of _______ can lead to unsafe conditions during emergency operations.

A

[appropriate rehab]

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57
Q

What can smoke exposure lead to in terms of health risks?

A

Potential inhalation hazards and skin absorption of toxins

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58
Q

What are unsafe acts or conditions responsible for during response to and from an incident?

A

Injuries and fatalities

Many casualties can be prevented through proper measures.

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59
Q

List three measures that can prevent casualties during response and return.

A
  • Apparatus design and maintenance
  • Driver/operator training and certification
  • Incident analysis to identify contributing and causal factors

These measures help mitigate the risks associated with emergency response.

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60
Q

Who should recognize unsafe acts and take corrective action?

A

Company officers

They play a crucial role in ensuring safety during emergency operations.

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61
Q

What should emergency responders be trained on before responding to an incident?

A

Safe vehicle operations

Training is essential for minimizing risks during emergency responses.

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62
Q

What special attention should company officers pay regarding privately owned vehicles (POVs)?

A

Training and education of drivers

Company officers must enforce policies related to driving POVs.

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63
Q

What is a common unsafe act that can occur during response?

A

Driving over the speed limit

This can lead to accidents and increased risk during response.

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64
Q

Fill in the blank: Unsafe acts may include _______.

A

Not wearing seat belt

Seat belts are crucial for safety during vehicle operation.

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65
Q

Name two unsafe conditions that must be recognized by company officers.

A
  • Inclement weather
  • Poor road conditions

These conditions can significantly impact driving safety.

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66
Q

What responsibility do company officers have regarding their drivers’ actions?

A

Ensure appropriate precautions are taken

Company officers are responsible for mitigating risks during emergency driving.

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67
Q

True or False: Company officers should address unsafe acts immediately.

A

True

Immediate action helps prevent accidents and injuries.

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68
Q

What should company officers enforce regarding organizational vehicles?

A

Organizational policies regarding driving

This includes safe practices for both organizational and privately owned vehicles.

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69
Q

What is the importance of nonemergency safety in facilities?

A

It is equally important as emergency scene safety; injuries and fatalities can occur during daily nonemergency activities.

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70
Q

What are nonemergency casualties?

A

Casualties that occur during:
* Administrative duties
* Training
* Code enforcement and inspections
* Maintenance
* Non-incident-related situations

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71
Q

What is one of the best methods for providing a safe workplace?

A

Proper maintenance.

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72
Q

Who is responsible for reporting the need for repairs in facilities?

A

Company officers.

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73
Q

What should company officers conduct in accordance with organizational policies?

A

Facility inspections.

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74
Q

What are some examples of unsafe acts at facilities?

A

Unsafe acts may include:
* Not using warning signs for wet surfaces
* Improper use of power and hand tools
* Improper lifting of heavy objects
* Horseplay
* Bringing contaminated equipment into living areas/quarters

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75
Q

According to NFPA, how many injuries were associated with nonemergency activities in 2016?

A

12,780 injuries.

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76
Q

How many injuries were associated with training according to NFPA in 2016?

A

8,480 injuries.

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77
Q

What types of injuries primarily occurred during nonemergency activities?

A

Injuries primarily involved:
* Sprains
* Strains
* Cuts
* Bruises

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78
Q

Fill in the blank: Policies and procedures that identify risks in the facilities, activities, and behaviors will help create and maintain a _______.

A

safe work environment.

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79
Q

True or False: Nonemergency safety is less critical than emergency scene safety.

A

False.

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80
Q

What should company officers be able to recognize and address?

A

Unsafe conditions within facilities

Unsafe conditions include inadequate lighting, wet or oily floors, slippery or icy sidewalks, lack of routine maintenance, blocked exits, and fire doors propped open.

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81
Q

List three examples of unsafe conditions at facilities.

A
  • Inadequate lighting
  • Wet or oily floors
  • Blocked exits
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82
Q

What is the purpose of safety-related inspections?

A

To ensure the integrity of equipment, vehicles, and facilities

Inspections help maintain safety standards and compliance with organizational policies.

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83
Q

True or False: Company officers may be asked to conduct safety inspections on equipment, vehicles, and facilities.

A

True

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84
Q

Fill in the blank: Safety-related inspections must occur in accordance with _______.

A

[organizational policies]

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85
Q

What types of equipment should be included in safety inspections?

A
  • PPE
  • Tools
  • Fire fighting gear
  • Medical gear
  • Rescue gear
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86
Q

What aspects of vehicles are typically inspected during safety inspections?

A
  • Traffic deterrent devices
  • State vehicle inspections
  • Aerial tests
  • Pump tests
  • Vehicle maintenance
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87
Q

Name two components that facilities safety inspections may cover.

A
  • Proper lighting
  • Up-to-date fire extinguishers
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88
Q

What could be a consequence of blocked exits in a facility?

A

Increased risk during emergencies

Blocked exits can impede evacuation and response efforts.

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89
Q

True or False: Fire doors should be propped open during inspections.

A

False

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90
Q

What is a common safety sign used to warn personnel?

A

Signs indicating wet, slippery floors

These signs help prevent accidents by alerting personnel to hazardous conditions.

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91
Q

What is the responsibility of the company officer regarding safety, health, and wellness programs?

A

To provide subordinates with information on the organization’s safety, health, and wellness programs.

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92
Q

What are the leading causes of firefighter fatalities?

A

Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and behavioral health issues.

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93
Q

What do comprehensive safety, health, and wellness programs aim to reduce?

A

Accidents, injuries, illnesses, and exposures.

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94
Q

What should the organization’s safety, health, and wellness programs include? List three components.

A
  • Information on emergency and nonemergency safety practices
  • Overall wellness and fitness
  • Inspections and accident investigations
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95
Q

True or False: Cumulative stress is a concern that should be addressed in safety, health, and wellness programs.

A

True

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96
Q

Fill in the blank: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of firefighter _______.

A

fatalities

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97
Q

What type of stress is characterized by atypically stressful events?

A

Critical Incident Stress

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98
Q

Name one emerging issue in firefighter health besides cardiovascular disease.

A

Cancer or behavioral health

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99
Q

What is occupational stress?

A

Stress related to the demands and pressures of the firefighting profession.

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100
Q

What does NFPA 1021 (2020) emphasize regarding safety and health?

A

The importance of safety, health, and wellness programs in reducing firefighter risks.

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101
Q

What is the purpose of a safety and health program in fire and emergency services?

A

To promote safety and health among personnel and reduce risks

This program includes various practices and policies to enhance safety.

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102
Q

What does a risk management plan aim to achieve?

A

To identify, analyze, and manage risks associated with fire and emergency services

It helps in understanding and mitigating inherent risks.

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103
Q

Define inherent risk in the context of fire and emergency services.

A

Risk associated with fire and emergency operations

This includes various hazards personnel may face.

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104
Q

List the three distinct sections of a risk management plan.

A
  • Community risk management
  • Organizational risk management
  • Operational risk management
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105
Q

What is community risk management?

A

Evaluating and managing risks for the entire community

This includes assessing fire risks and ensuring emergency services meet agency missions.

106
Q

What does organizational risk management evaluate?

A

Risks and hazards affecting the organization

It provides control measures to reduce negative events.

107
Q

What is operational risk management focused on?

A

Assessing risks faced by emergency responders during operations

It includes evaluating risks at the scene of incidents.

108
Q

What are risk control measures?

A

Actions taken to reduce the likelihood or severity of incidents

These measures are essential for effective risk management.

109
Q

Name the two categories of control measures.

A
  • Administrative controls
  • Engineering controls
110
Q

What are examples of administrative controls?

A
  • SOPs/SOGs
  • Health, safety, and wellness programs
  • Training and educational programs
  • Regulations and standards
111
Q

What are engineering controls in the context of risk management?

A

Safety features incorporated into facilities and equipment

This includes mechanical ventilation and lockout/tagout programs.

112
Q

True or False: Risk management involves only identifying hazards without any further steps.

A

False

It includes analyzing, selecting techniques, implementing them, and monitoring results.

113
Q

Fill in the blank: The overall risk management plan should have _______ distinct sections.

A

three

114
Q

What is the goal of risk reduction through control measures?

A

To manage risk effectively and prevent accidents

This is the most common method used in risk management.

115
Q

What is the significance of evaluating control measures?

A

To measure their effectiveness

This ensures that the implemented measures are successful in reducing risks.

116
Q

What are the Three E’s of Safety Model?

A

Engineering, Education, Enforcement

The model emphasizes educating the workforce and enforcing safety policies.

117
Q

What is the goal of engineering in the Three E’s of Safety Model?

A

Eliminates or reduces the hazard through design or modification

Engineering aims to create a barrier between the individual and the hazard.

118
Q

List three applications of engineering in safety.

A
  • Building construction
  • Fire apparatus design
  • Personal protective equipment design, construction, and testing

NFPA standards provide testing and design criteria to reduce fire hazard.

119
Q

What does education entail within the context of the Three E’s of Safety Model?

A

Learning proper safety procedures and teaching fire prevention and emergency care

This results in fewer emergency responses by the organization.

120
Q

Who is responsible for enforcing safety policies according to the Three E’s of Safety Model?

A

Management, supervisors, and employees

High levels of participation from all fire department divisions are essential.

121
Q

What is the first component of the organizational risk management plan?

A

Risk identification

Conducted in the community, within the organization, and during incidents.

122
Q

How is risk evaluated in the organizational risk management plan?

A

Based on probability and potential for negative consequences

This includes anticipated severity and frequency of occurrence.

123
Q

What is the purpose of establishing priorities for action in risk management?

A

To rank identified risks by severity and frequency

This helps in determining which risks to address first.

124
Q

What does risk-control technique involve?

A

Identifying control measures for each significant risk

It is a crucial component of the risk management plan.

125
Q

What is the final component of the organizational risk management plan?

A

Risk-management monitoring

This involves ongoing monitoring of risk control measures.

126
Q

What is the first step in the operational risk management process?

A

Situational awareness

It includes considering communications plans, weather factors, and previous incident behavior.

127
Q

What does hazard assessment involve?

A

Identifying hazards and considering their severity and future impact

This step is crucial in the operational risk management process.

128
Q

What is the purpose of hazard control in the operational risk management process?

A

To contain, isolate, and eliminate hazards

It is essential for maintaining safety during operations.

129
Q

Fill in the blank: The organizational risk management plan requires a _______ approach.

A

[systematic]

A systematic approach is crucial for effective risk management.

130
Q

True or False: Management and labor must work cooperatively to involve employees in safety programs.

A

True

Cooperation is key to gaining employee acceptance of safety programs.

131
Q

What is a decision point in a risk management context?

A

Determine if appropriate resources are available and if assignments can be completed

132
Q

What does NFPA 1500 stipulate for fire department safety and health programs?

A

Criteria that should be part of all fire department safety and health programs include:
* Written standard operational procedures/guidelines
* Preincident plans
* Written risk management plan
* Written safety and health policy
* Roles and responsibilities of Health and Safety Officer
* Membership and function of Occupational Safety and Health Committee
* Safety and health record management

133
Q

What is the primary goal of a written safety and health policy?

A

To identify goals for the prevention and elimination of occupational injuries, accidents, exposures, and line of duty deaths (LODDs)

134
Q

True or False: Cardiovascular emergencies are the most common cause of firefighter fatalities.

A

True

135
Q

How can wellness be addressed in fire department safety programs?

A

Through education, fitness, and nutrition

136
Q

List some health and wellness practices that company officers should encourage.

A
  • Routine medical screening
  • Proper nutrition
  • Weight control
  • Physical fitness
  • Cancer prevention practices
  • Stress management
  • Tobacco cessation programs
137
Q

Fill in the blank: The roles and responsibilities of the _______ and any Incident Safety Officer (ISO) should be outlined in the safety and health program.

A

[Health and Safety Officer]

138
Q

What programs should company officers encourage members to participate in for better health?

A
  • Drug and alcohol abuse programs
  • Employee assistance programs (EAP)
  • Behavioral health services
139
Q

What is the purpose of daily physical fitness training in the context of firefighter safety?

A

To help prevent cardiovascular events at incidents

140
Q

What are NFPA 1582 and NFPA 1583?

A

Standards on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program and Health-Related Fitness Programs for Fire Departments

These standards are foundational for the IAFF/IAFC Wellness Fitness Initiative and the National Volunteer Fire Council Serve Strong Campaign.

141
Q

What does the U.S. FEMA document ‘Health and Wellness Guide for the Volunteer Fire and Emergency Services’ provide?

A

Information directed at volunteer departments regarding health and wellness

This document is aimed at improving the well-being of volunteer firefighters.

142
Q

What does the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) focus on in its guidance?

A

Firefighter mental illness and suicide prevention

NWCG emphasizes the importance of addressing mental health in the firefighting community.

143
Q

True or False: Suicidal thoughts among firefighters are considered signs of weakness.

A

False

Suicidal thoughts are indicators of a medical condition that requires attention.

144
Q

List some risk factors for firefighter mental illness.

A
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Witnessing traumatic events
  • Loss of a close relationship
  • Knowing others who have died by suicide
  • Heavy alcohol or drug use
  • Major physical illness or injury
  • Isolation or lack of social support

These factors can contribute to mental health challenges in firefighters.

145
Q

What are some warning signs of firefighter mental illness?

A
  • Sudden withdrawal from social contact
  • Increasingly reckless behavior
  • Having a suicide plan (time, place, method)
  • Persistent feeling of hopelessness
  • Mood swings/Change in behavior

Recognizing these signs can aid in early intervention.

146
Q

What is one action you can take to prevent firefighter mental illness?

A

Take care of yourself and others by monitoring and managing mental health

This includes not being afraid to ask for help and seeking medical treatment.

147
Q

Fill in the blank: Open communication is especially important for the survivors after a firefighter _______.

A

suicide

It helps in providing support and understanding in a difficult time.

148
Q

What should you do if someone shows warning signs of suicide?

A

Ask direct questions like ‘Are you thinking of suicide?’ and ‘Do you have a plan?’

Direct communication can be critical in preventing suicide.

149
Q

What is a proactive step to take if someone you know has a suicide plan?

A

Do not leave them alone and remove any firearms or implements that could cause harm

Immediate action is essential in crisis situations.

150
Q

What is the purpose of the accident, injury, and illness prevention program?

A

To provide firefighters information and training regarding the hazards that exist in their work environments

This includes facilities, apparatus, emergency incident sites, and training exercises.

151
Q

Name one resource for suicide prevention initiatives in firefighting.

A

Firefighter Behavioral Health Alliance

This organization documents issues related to mental health and suicide in the fire service.

152
Q

What is the Share the Load Program?

A

A program by the National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC) aimed at supporting mental health in firefighters

It provides resources for firefighters in crisis.

153
Q

What type of service is Safe Call Now?

A

A 24-hour crisis referral service for public safety employees

It helps connect individuals with mental health resources.

154
Q

List three common hazards identified in the accident, injury, and illness prevention program.

A
  • Physical injury hazards
  • Occupational illness
  • Motor vehicle related accidents
155
Q

What should be done after an accident occurs in a firefighting organization?

A

Conduct an investigation/review (I/R) to determine the root cause, source, or origin

The investigation should be objective and directed toward facts.

156
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common hazards can be divided into categories, including _______.

A

[key learning term]

Examples include hearing loss, respiratory injury, and hazardous materials exposure.

157
Q

What is the role of the company officer regarding workplace hazards?

A

To determine hazards present in the workplace and reinforce appropriate corrective measures

This includes policies, procedures, or equipment required to protect personnel.

158
Q

True or False: Hazards may only occur at emergency incident scenes.

A

False

Hazards can also occur during training or while working in the organization’s facilities.

159
Q

What is the purpose of accident investigation/review policies?

A

To develop and implement procedures that help understand the causes of accidents

This aims to prevent future incidents.

160
Q

List two types of injuries firefighters are trained to prevent.

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Respiratory injury or illness
161
Q

What is the primary purpose of investigations into workplace accidents?

A

To identify and document the following:
* Thought process behind the decisions made
* Behavior or condition that resulted in the accident
* Previously unrecognized hazards
* Defects or design flaws in the apparatus or equipment
* Additional training needs
* Improvements needed in safety policies and procedures
* Facts that could have a legal impact on the accident or case
* Historical trends

Investigations focus on understanding the root causes rather than assigning blame.

162
Q

What is the first step when an incident involves serious personal injuries?

A

Stabilize the victim and transport them to a health care facility for medical treatment

Minor injuries may be treated at the scene.

163
Q

What must the officer in charge do after ensuring the victim receives medical treatment?

A

Secure the accident scene and leave all equipment, clothing, or vehicles in place

If vehicles must be moved, they should be photographed or sketched first.

164
Q

What is the significance of the evidence at an accident scene?

A

It is essential for:
* Reconstructing the accident and preventing future accidents
* Supporting potential legal cases that may occur as a result of the incident

Evidence includes all items involved in the incident.

165
Q

What should a company officer do when a unit member experiences a job-related injury or illness?

A

Ensure prompt medical treatment for the individual

If serious, the individual must be transported to a medical treatment facility.

166
Q

Fill in the blank: The investigations into workplace accidents aim to identify previously unrecognized _______.

A

[hazards]

167
Q

True or False: The purpose of accident investigations is to punish those involved.

A

False

The investigations are intended to find solutions and prevent future incidents.

168
Q

What should be documented about the decisions made during an accident?

A

The thought process behind the decisions

Understanding decision-making can help identify root causes.

169
Q

What are the key elements that should be documented in an investigation?

A

Key elements include:
* Thought process behind decisions
* Behavior or condition that caused the accident
* Previously unrecognized hazards
* Design flaws
* Training needs
* Safety policy improvements
* Legal facts
* Historical trends

Each element contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the incident.

170
Q

What is necessary to preserve evidence in investigations?

A

Bagging it

This ensures that evidence is not contaminated or lost.

171
Q

What is the purpose of a Medical Exposure Management Program?

A

To control and manage threats from medical exposures to communicable diseases and hazardous materials

This program is essential for the safety and health of organization members.

172
Q

What does NFPA 1582 provide guidance on?

A

Conducting annual physicals for firefighters

This applies to both career and volunteer firefighters.

173
Q

When may exposure investigations occur?

A

Immediately following an incident or when symptoms appear later

Symptoms may take years to manifest after exposure.

174
Q

What is essential for any current or future investigation?

A

Accurate and thorough documentation of all incidents and exposures

This helps in tracing back the causes of occupational illnesses.

175
Q

What might a long-range investigation into occupational illnesses involve?

A

Water and air sampling, testing for asbestos, reviewing emergency responses

This is particularly relevant for trends of cancer in personnel.

176
Q

What should be established to manage exposures to infectious diseases?

A

An infection control program

This is aimed at protecting organization members from potential threats.

177
Q

What does NFPA 1581 refer to?

A

Medical exposure program

It is a standard for fire department infection control.

178
Q

What components should an infection control plan include?

A

Education and training, vaccination requirements, documentation, cleaning protocols, reporting protocols

These elements are essential for effective infection control.

179
Q

What is the role of the hazmat Branch Safety Officer during hazardous materials incidents?

A

Monitors potential hazards and advises the Incident Commander

This ensures the safety of emergency personnel during such incidents.

180
Q

Fill in the blank: NFPA 1582 provides guidance on conducting _______.

A

[annual physicals]

This is crucial for maintaining the health of firefighters.

181
Q

True or False: Symptoms of exposure to hazardous materials may appear immediately.

A

False

Symptoms may take years to appear after exposure.

182
Q

What does OSHA’s CFR 1910.120(c)(7) require to be considered during a hazardous materials incident?

A

Risks including:
* Exposures exceeding permissible limits
* IDLH concentrations
* Potential skin absorption and irritation
* Potential eye irritation
* Explosion sensitivity
* Oxygen deficiency

IDLH stands for Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health.

183
Q

What does Title 29 CFR 1910.1200 require from fire and emergency services organizations?

A

To provide affected employees with all data on hazardous materials exposure.

This regulation mandates transparency regarding hazardous materials after an incident.

184
Q

What has fire research demonstrated regarding carcinogens?

A

Numerous carcinogens are present in almost all types of fires.

This is particularly relevant to modern firefighting due to the materials involved in contemporary fires.

185
Q

How do modern fires differ from traditional construction fires?

A

They have greater amounts and varieties of contaminants due to more manufactured products burning at higher temperatures.

This increases the risk of dermal contamination and inhalation injuries.

186
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and skin absorption of chemicals?

A

Absorption rates increase 400% for every 5-degree rise in temperature.

Higher temperatures enhance the skin’s ability to absorb chemicals.

187
Q

Which areas of the body have high absorption rates for chemicals?

A

High absorption areas include:
* Groin
* Jaw
* Forehead
* Back

Arms, hands, and ankles also have increased absorption rates but to a lesser extent.

188
Q

What types of cancer are firefighters at greater risk of contracting?

A

Firefighters are at greater risk for:
* Testicular Cancer
* Prostate Cancer
* Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
* Multiple Myeloma

These cancers are linked to exposure to carcinogens in fires and exhaust fumes.

189
Q

What is the increased risk factor for testicular cancer in male firefighters?

A

2 times the risk compared to the general population.

This highlights the significant health risks associated with firefighting.

190
Q

What is the increased risk factor for prostate cancer in male firefighters?

A

1.3 times the risk compared to the general population.

191
Q

What is the increased risk factor for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in firefighters?

A

1.5 times the risk for both men and women.

192
Q

What is the increased risk factor for breast cancer in female firefighters?

A

1.5 times the risk compared to the general population.

193
Q

True or False: Firefighters face a greater cancer risk than the general public.

A

True

Research indicates that firefighters are exposed to higher levels of carcinogens.

194
Q

What is a key recommendation for firefighters working in or around fire-damaged structures?

A

Always wear SCBA when working in or around fire-damaged structures.

SCBA stands for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.

195
Q

What should firefighters do to avoid chemical exposure from smoke and diesel exhaust?

A

Remain upwind of fires and smoke plumes. Wear SCBA if in the smoke plume or around diesel exhaust.

SCBA is essential for protecting against inhalation hazards.

196
Q

What should be done with contaminated gear before entering the rehab area?

A

Doff contaminated gear before entering the rehab area.

This practice helps reduce contamination spread.

197
Q

Where should contaminated turnouts not be stored?

A

Do not wear or store contaminated turnouts inside the apparatus cab, in personal vehicle compartments, or in station or home living areas.

Proper storage is crucial to prevent further contamination.

198
Q

What should firefighters do with their turnouts and equipment after each fire response?

A

Decontaminate and/or launder turnouts, fire hood, and other equipment that readily contacts the skin after each fire response.

Regular cleaning is necessary to maintain safety.

199
Q

What immediate hygiene practices should firefighters follow after a fire?

A

Wash hands and neck skin immediately after the fire and shower as soon as possible.

This helps remove contaminants from the skin.

200
Q

According to NFPA 191, how should personal protective equipment be maintained?

A

Personal protective equipment should be maintained in accordance with Chapter 7 of NFPA 191.

Compliance with NFPA standards is vital for safety.

201
Q

What does NFPA 1500 require regarding accidents and exposures?

A

Accidents, injuries, occupational illnesses, exposures, and near misses must be investigated or reviewed according to NFPA 1500.

This applies to all incidents within the fire service.

202
Q

What are the objectives of investigations/reviews after an incident?

A
  • Investigate an incident after it has occurred
  • Learn why those involved thought their choices were appropriate
  • Better understand the vulnerabilities of the organization
  • Implement improvements.

These objectives help prevent future incidents.

203
Q

What information should company officers collect during an investigation?

A
  • Date and time of incident
  • Type of incident, illness, injury, or fatality
  • Location and emergency response type
  • Names of witnesses and their accounts
  • Corrective measures suggested

Gathering this information is essential for thorough investigations.

204
Q

What employee characteristics should be documented during an investigation?

A
  • Name and unit assignment
  • Age and gender
  • Rank/function
  • Personal protective clothing or equipment in use
  • Extenuating circumstances

This data helps analyze the context of the incident.

205
Q

True or False: Company officers must follow their organizations’ prescribed policies and procedures during investigations.

A

True.

Adhering to policies ensures consistency and accountability.

206
Q

What are the key components of environmental information in an investigation report?

A
  • Weather and temperature
  • Noise and visibility
  • Day or night conditions
  • Terrain

These factors help assess the context of the incident.

207
Q

What types of equipment information should be included in an investigation report?

A
  • Type of equipment involved
  • Location
  • Age and condition
  • Maintenance history
  • Distinguishing characteristics

This information helps determine the role of equipment in the incident.

208
Q

What does the final portion of an investigation report typically include?

A

A narrative description of the incident, including officer’s observations, eye-witness reports, participant interviews, and information from other sources

This comprehensive narrative aids in understanding the incident’s circumstances.

209
Q

What are the physical stresses faced by emergency responders during fire fighting?

A
  • Extreme hot or cold weather conditions
  • Risks of illness or injury due to lack of rehabilitation

These stresses necessitate proper rehabilitation practices.

210
Q

Why is rehabilitation (rehab) important for emergency responders?

A

It decreases the risk of illness or injury and ensures responders are ready to be reassigned or return to duty in a ‘ready state’

Adequate rehab is crucial for maintaining operational safety.

211
Q

Who should emphasize the importance of rehab to their crews?

A

Company officers

Leaders must advocate for and model rehabilitation practices.

212
Q

What should company officers and incident commanders do regarding rehab policies?

A
  • Set the example
  • Ensure policies and procedures are followed

Leadership is key to establishing a safety-oriented culture.

213
Q

What is the role of a safety-oriented culture in emergency response?

A

It reduces the risk of illness or injury to members operating at an incident scene or training site

A strong culture promotes safety and preparedness.

214
Q

What standard should be used as a guide for developing rehabilitation policies?

A

NFPA 1584, Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Training Exercises

This standard provides best practices for rehabilitation.

215
Q

Fill in the blank: Company officers should monitor and evaluate _______ and work activities of their personnel.

A

environmental

This monitoring is essential for ensuring safety during operations.

216
Q

What is the primary purpose of PPE?

A

To ensure personnel safety

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment and is essential for protecting individuals from hazards.

217
Q

What is the importance of selecting appropriate PPE?

A

To protect against specific types of emergencies

Different types of PPE are designed for various hazards, and proper selection is crucial for safety.

218
Q

Which organizations set standards for PPE design?

A
  • NFPA
  • OSHA
  • NIOSH
  • MSHA

These organizations provide guidelines and standards for the selection and use of PPE.

219
Q

Why is it important to wear PPE properly?

A

Even the best PPE cannot protect unless worn correctly

Proper usage is critical to maximizing the effectiveness of PPE.

220
Q

What must company officers understand about PPE?

A
  • When to wear it
  • Its limitations
  • Risks of using it beyond limitations

Knowledge of PPE limitations is essential to avoid injuries.

221
Q

What are some safety considerations for PPE use?

A
  • Understanding the hazard
  • Donning and doffing techniques
  • Equipment distribution
  • Heat, hydration, and stress issues
  • Heat and moisture retention

These factors can impact the effectiveness and safety of PPE.

222
Q

What factors determine when to wear PPE?

A

The hazard at the scene and prior education and experience

Training scenarios also aid in making correct PPE selections.

223
Q

What is the correct procedure for doffing PPE to avoid contamination?

A

Remove disposable PPE without contaminating the skin

Care must be taken to avoid spreading contaminants.

224
Q

How should contaminated medical gloves be removed?

A

By pulling the wrist edge down over the glove

This technique traps the contamination inside the glove.

225
Q

What areas should be washed immediately after firefighting efforts?

A
  • Temple areas
  • Ears
  • Neck
  • Armpits
  • Wrists
  • Hands
  • Groin

Washing these areas helps to remove contaminants.

226
Q

What should responders do with contaminated PPE after use?

A

Bag it for transport and clean it as soon as possible

Cleaning should follow NFPA and organizational standards.

227
Q

What should be considered when selecting PPE?

A

Err on the side of safety and select the highest level of protection

Choosing the best protection is crucial for safety.

228
Q

What standard governs the inspections of PPE?

A

NFPA 1851

This standard outlines the selection, care, and maintenance of protective ensembles.

229
Q

When should PPE be inspected?

A
  • When first accepted by the department
  • After any repair
  • Regularly on a formal schedule

Regular inspections ensure PPE remains effective and safe.

230
Q

What happens when new PPE is delivered to a department?

A

It is inspected to ensure completeness and specification compliance

Initial inspections are critical for verifying the quality of the equipment.

231
Q

What should be done to certain items like SCBA and PASS devices during inspection?

A

They should be tested to ensure proper performance

Testing is essential for equipment that is critical for safety.

232
Q

What is assigned to new PPE upon delivery?

A

An inventory control number and an individual record

This helps track the PPE within the department.

233
Q

What is the purpose of regular inspections of PPE?

A

To ensure that the PPE is ready for immediate use and all items work properly.

Regular inspections are conducted at the beginning of each work shift.

234
Q

Who performs formal, annual, or preventive maintenance inspections on PPE?

A

Trained mechanics, repair technicians, or the department Health and Safety Officer (HSO).

These inspections are more thorough than regular inspections.

235
Q

What standards should preventive maintenance inspections follow?

A

NFPA 1851 and AHI policies and procedures.

Inspections should occur at regularly scheduled intervals.

236
Q

Why is proper care and maintenance of PPE important?

A

To ensure safety and maintain the original cost/benefit ratio.

Clean and serviceable equipment performs as intended.

237
Q

What should be used to clean the outer shell of PPE?

A

Water and a mild detergent.

This includes the coat, trousers, cuffs, collar, boots, hood, gloves, helmet shell, and neck shroud.

238
Q

What cleaning product should never be used on PPE?

A

Bleach or any product containing bleach.

This is to prevent damage to the fabric.

239
Q

Where should contaminated PPE be cleaned?

A

In a designated decon sink.

Contaminated PPE should also be stored away from diesel exhaust.

240
Q

What is the proper way to dry PPE?

A

In a designated dryer or by hanging it on a drying rack.

PPE should not be hung in direct sunlight as ultraviolet light can degrade the fabric.

241
Q

Where should PPE be stored?

A

In well-ventilated, secure lockers in or adjacent to the apparatus room.

PPE should not be stored in living quarters.

242
Q

Who is authorized to perform maintenance and repairs on SCBAs and SARs?

A

Trained and certified technicians.

These units must be tested after maintenance before returning to service.

243
Q

True or False: Modifying PPE can nullify its warranty.

A

True.

Modifications can alter the performance of the item.

244
Q

What should be done if additional pockets or attachment points are needed on PPE?

A

They should be specified when PPE is ordered.

Modifications after purchase are not advisable.

245
Q

Fill in the blank: PPE should never be cleaned at ______.

A

home.

Cleaning at home can introduce contaminants and is not compliant with safety standards.

246
Q

What is the purpose of the 16 Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives?

A

To provide a blueprint for making changes that reduce firefighter deaths and injuries

Initiatives were produced at the Firefighter Life Safety Summit in March 2004.

247
Q

What is the first initiative of the Firefighter Life Safety Initiatives?

A

Define and advocate the need for a cultural change within the fire service relating to safety

This includes leadership, management, supervision, accountability, and personal responsibility.

248
Q

What does the second initiative emphasize?

A

Enhance personal and organizational accountability for health and safety throughout the fire service

249
Q

What is the focus of the third initiative?

A

Integration of risk management with incident management at all levels

This includes strategic, tactical, and planning responsibilities.

250
Q

What empowerment is highlighted in the fourth initiative?

A

All firefighters must be empowered to stop unsafe practices

251
Q

What is the goal of the fifth initiative?

A

Develop and implement national standards for training, qualifications, and certification

252
Q

Fill in the blank: The sixth initiative focuses on developing national _______ and physical fitness standards.

A

medical

253
Q

What does the seventh initiative call for?

A

Create a national research agenda and data collection system related to the initiatives

254
Q

What is the eighth initiative regarding technology?

A

Utilize available technology wherever it can produce higher levels of health and safety

255
Q

What should be thoroughly investigated according to the ninth initiative?

A

All firefighter fatalities, injuries, and near misses

256
Q

What type of programs should grant programs support according to the tenth initiative?

A

Implementation of safe practices and/or mandate safe practices as an eligibility requirement

257
Q

What should be developed and championed according to the eleventh initiative?

A

National standards for emergency response policies and procedures

258
Q

What does the twelfth initiative call for?

A

Development and championing of national protocols for response to violent incidents

259
Q

What support must firefighters and their families have according to the thirteenth initiative?

A

Access to counseling and psychological support

260
Q

What does the fourteenth initiative emphasize regarding public education?

A

Must receive more resources and be championed as a critical fire and life safety program

261
Q

What advocacy is mentioned in the fifteenth initiative?

A

Strengthened advocacy for the enforcement of codes and the installation of home fire sprinklers

262
Q

What must be a primary consideration in the design of apparatus and equipment according to the sixteenth initiative?

A

Safety

Fire Officer (3 decks)

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