Chapter 7 Flashcards
aboriginal sentencing circle
involvement of aboriginal communities in sentencing aboriginal offenders
community based sentencing
offenders serve a conditional sentence in the community, usually by performing some sort of community service
compensatory social control
a means of social control that obliges an offender to pay a victim to compensate for a harm committed
conciliatory social control
a means of social control that reconciles both parts of a dispute and mutually restore harmony to a social relationship that has been damaged
consensus crimes
serious acts of deviance about which there is near-unanimous public agreement
conflict crimes
acts of deviance that may be illegal but about which there is considerable public disagreement concerning its seriousness
control theory
social control is affected by strength of bonds and acts of deviance is a result of a disconnection from society
corporate crime
crime committed by white collar employees in a business environment
corrections system
a system tasked with supervising people who have been arrested, convicted, or sentenced for criminal offences
court
a system that has authority to make decisions based on law
crime
violation of norm and law that is punishable through formal sanctions
crimes of accomodation
crimes committed as ways in which individuals cope with oppression and inequality
criminal justice system
organization that exists to enforce a legal code
cultural deviance
theory suggests conformity to cultural norms in a lower class society causes crime
deviance
a violation of social/cultural norms
differential association theory
theory states that people learn deviant behaviour from those close to them, who provide models and opportunities for deviance
disciplinary social control
detailed continuous training, control and observation of people to improve their capabilities
doubly deviant
women who break both laws and gender norms
examination
tests by authorities to assess and know people
folkways
norms based on everyday cultural customs like etiquette
formal sanctions
sanctions officially recognized and enforced
government
practices by which people or organizations seek to govern the behaviour of others
hate crimes
attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or etc
informal sanctions
occur face to face interactions
labelling theory
ascribing of deviant behaviour to another person by members of society
law
norms that are specified in explicit codes and enforced by government bodies
legal codes
codes that maintain formal social control through laws
master status
a label that describes the chief characteristic of a person
moral entrepreneur
a person or group that publicizes and problematizes wrongdoing and has power to create and enforce rules to penalize wrongdoing
moral panic
expanding cycle of deviance, media generated public fears, police repression
mores
serious moral injunctions or taboos that are broadly recognized in society
negative sanctions
punishments for violating norms
new penology
strategies of social control that group offenders by the degree of risk they represent to the general public
nonviolent
crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or threat of force
normalization
process by which norms are used to differentiate, rank and correct people’s behaviour
overrepresentation
difference between the proportion of identifiable group in a specific institution and their proportion in the general population
panopticon
Bentham’s seeing machine that became the model for the ideal prison
penal social control
a means of social control that prohibits certain social behaviours and responds to violations with punishments
a penal welfare complex
network of institutions that create and exclude inter-generational criminalized populations on a semi-permanent basis
police
a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level
positive sanctions
rewards for conforming to norms
power elite
wealthy influential people at the top of society who hold power and resources
primary deviance
violation of norms that does not result in long term effects on person’s self image and interactions
psychopathy
a personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, and lack of inhibitions
racial profiling
the singling out of a particular racial group for extra policing
recidivism
the likelihood of a person getting arrested again after initial arrest
restorative justice conferencing
focuses on establishing a direct, face to face connection between. the offender and the victim
sanctions
means of enforcing rules
secondary deviance
a change in a person’s self concept and behaviour after their actions are labelled as deviant by society
secondary victimization
after initial victimization, second is incurred through criminal justice processes
self report study
collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods
situational crime control
strategies of social control that redesign spaces where crimes could occur to minimize the risk of crimes occurring there
social control
regulation and enforcement of norms
social deviations
deviant acts that are not illegal but harmful
social disorganization theory
crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and absence of social control
social diversions
deviant acts are illegal but harmless
social order
an arrangement of practices and behaviours on which society based their daily lives
sociopathy
personality disorder characterized by anti-social behaviour, diminished empathy, lack of inhibitions
strain theory
relationship between socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to achieve them
street crime
crime committed by average people against other people, in public
surveillance
way to make lives and activities of individuals visible to authorities
therapeutic social control
social control that uses therapy to return people back to normal state
traditional aboriginal justice
centred on healing and building community rather retribution
twin myth of rape
women life about sexual assault out of malice toward men, and women will say no to sexual relation when they mean yes
victimless crime
activities against the law that do not result in injury to person or others
violent crimes
base don use of force or threat of force
white collar crimes
crimes committed by high status or privileged people
zones of transition
areas within city characterized by high levels of migration, social diversity, and social change
