Chapter 7 Flashcards
Memory
What are the three stages of memory processing?
The three stages are encoding, where information is taken in and transformed into a format that can be stored; storage, where the information is maintained over time; and retrieval, where stored information is accessed when needed.
Describe the concept of working memory and its limitations.
Working memory refers to the active maintenance and manipulation of information in short-term memory for immediate use. It has a limited capacity of about 7 ± 2 items and a short duration unless the information is rehearsed. Working memory can be enhanced by grouping items into chunks.
What is the levels of processing model of memory?
This model suggests that memory retention depends on the depth of processing during encoding. Shallow processing, like repeating information without much thought (maintenance rehearsal), results in weaker memories. Deep processing, such as thinking about the meaning of the information (elaborative rehearsal), leads to stronger, more durable memories.
What are schemas, and how do they affect memory?
Schemas are cognitive frameworks or structures that help organize and interpret information. They allow us to quickly make sense of the world but can also lead to distortions, as information that doesn’t fit into a schema might be misremembered or ignored.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
Explicit memory involves conscious recollection of information, such as facts (semantic memory) or personal experiences (episodic memory).
Implicit memory involves unconscious memory, such as procedural memory for skills (e.g., riding a bike) and emotional conditioning.
What is the serial position effect?
The serial position effect is the tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items. This is explained by the primacy effect (better recall of items at the beginning) and the recency effect (better recall of items at the end).
