Chapter 4 Flashcards
Human Development
What are the three key areas of human development studied in developmental psychology
Physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive.
What are the three periods of prenatal development?
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
What are teratogens?
Harmful environmental agents like drugs, alcohol, infections, or viruses that can affect prenatal development
During which life stage do infants develop motor reflexes that aid survival?
Infancy (birth to 18-24 months).
What is the primary role of attachment in infants and children?
Attachment is a strong emotional connection, usually to caregivers, that is essential for survival and development.
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
What is the concept of “object permanence” in Piaget’s theory?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, typically developed in the sensorimotor stage.
What is “theory of mind”?
The ability to understand another person’s mental state and predict or explain their behavior.
What are the five stages of language development?
Cooing, babbling, one-word stage, telegraphic speech, and overregularization.
What physical changes occur during adolescence?
Puberty, involving primary and secondary sex characteristics.
What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development?
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
What are the stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development during adolescence and adulthood?
Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood), generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood), integrity vs. despair (old age).
How does aging affect physical and mental abilities in adulthood?
Adults experience declines in muscle mass, bone density, eyesight, hearing, and mental abilities. Engaging in physical and brain-stimulating activities can help maintain health.
How does aging influence social and emotional bonds according to Erikson?
Major challenges include forming intimate relationships, finding a sense of meaning in life, and reviewing life during old age.
