Chapter 7

Question 1

public policy

Answer 1

consists of all the authoritative public decisions that governments makes– the policy output (like laws)

Question 2

policy outcome

Answer 2

Policies or outputs are normally chosen for a purpose—they are meant to promote end results.

Question 3

political goods

Answer 3

politicians have incentives to pursue political goals that seek to satisfy the values and aspirations of the citizens.

Question 4

system level political goods

Answer 4

emphasizes order, predictability, and stability. Citizens are most able to act purpose-fully when their environment is stable, transparent, and predictable.
System goods address the regularity and predictability with which political systems work, but also their ability to adapt to environmental challenges. Regularity and adaptability are typically somewhat in conflict.
Ex: System maintenance
—The political system features regular, stable, and predictable decision-making processes.
system adaptation
—-The political system is able to adapt to environmental change and challenges

Question 5

process goods

Answer 5

—citizen participation and free po-litical competition
Democratic procedures and various rights of due process, then, are process goods. Process goods include participation, compliance, and procedural justice (trial by jury, habeas corpus, no cruel and unusual punishment, and fair and equal treatment). Procedural goods also include effectiveness and efficiency.

Ex:
participation: The political system is open and responsive to many forms of political speech and action.

compliance: Citizens fulfill their obligations (e.g., military service and tax obligations) to the system and comply with public law and policy.

procedural justice: Legal and political procedures are orderly and fair (due process), and there is equality before the law.

effectiveness and efficiency: Political processes have their intended effects and are no more cumbersome, expensive, or intrusive than necessary.

Question 6

policy goods

Answer 6

such as economic welfare, quality of life, freedom, and personal security.

Question 7

welfare

Answer 7

Citizens have access to health care, learning, and economic and environmental goods, which the government seeks to distribute broadly.

Question 8

security

Answer 8

The government provides safety of person and property, public order, and national security.

Question 9

fairness

Answer 9

Government policy is not discriminatory and recognizes individuals from different ethnic, linguistic, or religious groups; both genders are respected; vulnerable or disadvantaged citizens are protected.

Question 10

liberty

Answer 10

Citizens enjoy freedom from excessive regulation, protection of their privacy, and respect for their autonomy.

Question 11

public policies

Answer 11

pension systems such as social security in the United States

Question 12

Types of public policy outputs

Answer 12

extraction, distribution, regulation, symbolic output

Question 13

extraction

Answer 13

Extraction of resources—money, goods, persons, and services—from the domestic and international environments
example: taxation, military service, jury duty, etc.

Question 14

distribution

Answer 14

Distribution—of money, goods, and services—to citizens, residents, and clients of the state.

Question 15

regulation

Answer 15

Regulation of human behavior—the use of compulsion and inducement to bring about desired behavior.

Question 16

symbolic output

Answer 16

Symbolic outputs—used to exhort citizens to en-gage in desired forms of behavior, build community, or celebrate exemplary conduct

Question 17

efficiency (in terms of extraction)

Answer 17

means collecting the most revenue possible at the lowest cost.

Question 18

direct taxes

Answer 18

Personal and corporate income taxes, property taxes, and taxes on capital gains are called direct taxes, since they are directly levied on persons and corporations.

Question 19

indirect taxes

Answer 19

include sales taxes, value-added taxes, excise taxes, and customs duties. These are com-monly included in the prices of goods and services that consumers buy.

Question 20

rentier states and resource curse

Answer 20

which derive much of their revenue from selling oil and other natural resources.

Question 21

resource curse

Answer 21

“resource curse” impeding development and democracy when the economy is distorted by oil windfalls. One explanation suggests that windfall resource profits can make governments independent from their citizens. The lower the level of taxation, the less reason for the public to demand representation. If politicians do not feel such demands from their citizens, they may be less likely to behave accountable

Question 22

gross domestic product

Answer 22

the total value of goods and services produced by a coun-try’s residents in a year. For the average country, about a quarter of the GDP is extracted by the government, but in some countries, the proportion is much higher.

Question 23

distributive policy

Answer 23

Distributive policies include transfers of money, goods, services, honors, and opportunities to individuals and groups in the society. Distributive policies generally consume more government resources and employ more government officials than anything else that modern governments do.

Question 24

welfare state policies

Answer 24

Over time, welfare state policies expanded to include broader health care programs, disability benefits, public education, housing subsidies, child and childcare benefits, pensions, and other distributive policies.

Question 25

regulation policies

Answer 25

Regulation is the exercise of political control over the behavior of individuals and groups in the society. Most contemporary governments have a large regulatory role. Governments may control behavior by offering material or financial inducements or by persuasion or moral exhortation

Question 26

community building an symbolic output

Answer 26

Political leaders often appeal to the courage, wisdom, and magnanimity embodied in the nation’s past, or to appeal to values and ideologies such as equality, liberty, community, democracy, communism, liberalism, or religious tradition. Political leaders appeal to such values for different reasons—for example, to win elections or to push their own pet projects. many symbolic appeals and policies are trying to build community, such as by boosting people’s national identity, civic pride, or trust in government.

Question 27

welfare outcomes

Answer 27

they are different across different countries such as in pay, access to safe water and sanitation, and carbon dioxide emissions. Poorer countries tend to have the lower end of the spectrum on each of these. Health and education outcomes also vary by nation.

Question 28

fariness outcomes

Answer 28

Concepts of fairness vary by culture and ideology. women in developing countries often lag behind in literacy. Culture and policy also affect the male/female differ-ences, as we see in comparing gender differences in Brazil and Iran, for example. Differences in the types of jobs in which they are employed and pay discrimination mean that women only earn about two-thirds of the income of men in many of the more equal countries.

Question 29

liberty and freedom outcomes

Answer 29

The levels of liberties reflect the outcomes of government policies, especially regulatory policies, but are also affected by social and economic conditions,
political rights- refers to citizen opportunities to participate in the choice of political leaders—voting rights, the right to run for office, and the like.
civil rights–refers to protections in such areas as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion, as well as to procedural rights, such as trial by a jury of peers and bans on arbitrary or cruel treatments

Question 30

domestic security outcomes

Answer 30

High crime rates are primarily a problem of the larger urban areas where much of the population of modern countries resides. The causes of urban crime are complex. Rapidly increasing migration into the major cities, from the domestic countryside or from poorer foreign countries, increases diversity and often conflict.

Question 31

international outcome

Answer 31

Most states engage in a great variety of international activities. Economic, diplomatic, military, and informational activities may result in prosperity or depression, war or peace, secularization or the spread of particular beliefs.

Question 32

What explains the growth of the welfare state?

Answer 32

The growth of the welfare state happened during the great depression and as a result of rapid industrialization. It also comes from nations gaining more money and being able to distribute government resources to citizens.

Question 33

What are the advantages and disadvantages of different types of taxes?

Answer 33

The advantages are that with progressive taxes it makes the richer pay more and the poor pay less. The disadvantage is that direct taxes seem to hit the working middle class more than the rich and indirect taxes on commonly bought goods create recessive taxes where the poor pay more than the rich.The overall advantage is that some taxes allow the government to make more money off of people who make that more but the more money you take the less motivated that people are to work for it.

Question 34

Do some governments tend to promote civil rights while others promote political rights or do they tend to go together?

Answer 34

They tend to go together as a country that has high political rights has high civil rights or vice versa.

Question 35

How is the welfare for women changing in developed countries today?

Answer 35

The income gap in some countries is shrinking. Women are becoming more educated and paid more fairly as they enter the workforce.

Question 36

Why does globalization give rise to internal conflicts within nations?

Answer 36

It gives rise to internal conflict because those who benefit from it want to reduce restrictions or barriers and those who are hurt by it want to increase restrictions on globalization.

Question 37

What sort of armed conflicts are most common in the world today, and what problems do they cause?

Answer 37

Civil wars within a country are the most common and they cause problems such as high casualties of civilians.

Question 38

In this century, the power of the state has been

Answer 38

increased dramatically to meet popular demands.

Question 39

Whether a public policy outcome is good or bad is determined by

Answer 39

political goods and values.

Question 40

With regard to governments as producers

Answer 40

all governments produce goods and services.

Question 41

Harold D. Lasswell once described the essence of government as

Answer 41

who gets what, when, and how.

Question 42

Indirect taxes on luxury goods are generally considered to be

Answer 42

progressive

Question 43

Poorer countries generally receive most of their revenue from

Answer 43

indirect taxes

Question 44

the overall trend towards taxation is

Answer 44

lower income tax rates and higher sales tax

Question 45

With regard to military spending, poorer countries

Answer 45

have spending patterns that vary with the international environment.

Question 46

According to the text, welfare states

Answer 46

are outgrowing their capacity.

Question 47

In comparison to Europeans, Americans have historically

Answer 47

put more emphasis on equality of opportunity.

Question 48

Problems associated with modern welfare states does not include

Answer 48

he rising level of university education. but it does include: rising level of the depedency ratio (those who don’t work compared to those who do), lack of work incentive, and trade offs between social welfare and extractive capabilities.

Question 49

Political and civil rights are related in that

Answer 49

there is always a positive correlation

Question 50

Which of the following characterizes a symbolic policy?

Answer 50

appeals to courage and wisdom by leaders in times of war

Question 51

In the past decade, crime rates in the United States and some other countries have

Answer 51

decreased dramatically