Chapter 7 Flashcards
The Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton
206
What are the two principal divisions of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
What are the six main parts that comprise the axial system?
- Skull bones
- Auditory Ossicles (ear)
- Hyoid
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Vertebral Column
The _______ skeleton refers to the part of the skeleton that comprises the bones of the head and trunk in vertebrates
Axial
The ___________ skeleton is one of the two major groups of bones in the human body. It consists of the bones of the limbs (or appendages) and the bones that attach the limbs to the rest of the body.
Appendicular Skeleton
What are the major components of the Appendicular Skeleton
- bones of upper and lower limbs (extremities)
- bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial of the skeleton
What are the 5 main different types of bones
1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
5) Seasmoid
How do long and short bones differ from each other
long bones = cylinder in shape, longer than wide, and their primary function is leverage. (ex: femur, tibia, humerus, radius)
short bones = cube like shape, approx equal in length, width, and thickness. Function to provide stability and support and allow for motion (ex: carpals, tarsals)
This bone type is small and round. It protects tendons from compressive forces
Sesamoid bone
(ex: patellae)
Vertebra, and most facial bones are this type of bone. They have a complex shape and protect internal organs
what is an irregular bone
Describe the shape and functions of a flat bone and provide an example
shape: thin and curved
function: point of attachment for muscle, protects inner organs
example: sternum, ribs, scapula, and cranial
Bones can be classified according to their: ____________ & _____________
Shape and location
Bones classified according to their location are divided into two groups called: __________ & ______________
Sutural bones and Sutures
These bones are small, extra bone plates located within the sutures (joints) of cranial bones.
What is________
Sutural bones
define Suture bones
jointed areas where flat bones come together
What are the two major types of bone surface markings
1) Depressions and Openings:
- Allow the passage of soft tissue (BV, nerves, ligaments)
- Form joints
2) Processes:
- projections or outgrowths that form joints.
- serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
What are the 5 different types of Depression or Openings (bone surface markings)
1) Fissure - narrow slit between bones
2) Foramen - Hole
3) Fossa - shallow depression
4) Sulcus - Furrow on a bone for passage
5) Meatus - tube-like opening
A condyle is what type of bone surface marking
Process projections or outgrowth
smooth, flat, slightly concave is a description of what bone surface marking
a facet (process or outgrowth)
What are the 10 different types of Processes Projections or Outgrowths (bone surface markings)
1) Condyle: rounded projection with smooth articular surface (ex: edge of jaw)
2) Facet: smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface (ex vertbrae)
3) Head: usually rounded and supported on a shaft
4) Crest Process: prominent ridge or elongated process attachment points for connective tissue
5) Epicondyle Process: roughened projections on a condyle
6) Line Process: long, narrow ridge or boarder (less prominent than a cres)
7) Spinous Process: sharp, slender projection
8) Trochanter Process: very large projection. found ONLY in the femur
9) Tubercle: variably sized rounded projection
10) Tuberosity: variably sized with rough, bumpy surface
Connective tissues attaches to this type of a process projections
Crest Process
How many bones are in an adult skull
22
The bones of the skull are grouped into two parts: __________ & ____________
1) Cranial cavity bones (8)
2) Facial bones (14)
List 4 functions of the skull
- protects brain
- stabilizes the positions of the brain (as well as BV, lymphatic vessels, and nerves)
- attachment area for muscles (muscles that move parts of hear and produce facial expressions)
- facial bones form face = entry points for digestive and respiratory system
- protect and support sensory organs (vision, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium)
The _________ is the only movable bone of the skull
Mandible (or jaw bone)
A vertical fibrous joint that divides the two halves of the frontal lobe is called __________ and is only present in ____________
- Metopic suture (or frontal interfrontal, or median frontal suture)
- newborns
There are 14 facial bones, some of which are paired. These are the 14 facial bones
1/2)- Nasal (paired)
3) Lacrimal bones - smallest facial bones
4/5) Palatine bones (paired)
5/6) Inferior nasal concha bones (paired)
7/8) Zygomatic bones (paired)
9/10) Maxilla (paired, but not fused)
11) Vomer
12) Mandible
13) Ethmoid
14) Sphenoid
Dull pain around the ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping noise, limited or abnormal mouth breathing, headache, tooth sensitivity.
These are symptoms of what condition?
TMJ - Temporal Mandibular Joint
caused by misaligned teeth, grinding/ clenching, trauma to head/ neck, and/or arthritis
treatment: heat or ice, soft food diet, bite plate, surgery, orthodontics, pain meds
Define a suture
a suture is an immovable fibrous joint the holds the SKULL bones together. Sutures have mobilization in infants and children
The names of sutures reflect the bones that they unite. What are the 4 prominent sutures and which skull bones do they unite?
1) Coronal Suture: frontal and both parietal bones
2) Sagittal Suture - 2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull - names because the soft spot in infants looks like an arrow (sagitt = arrow)
3) Lambdoid suture - 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone (names because it looks like the Greek letter )
4) Squamous suture (x2) - unites parietal and temporal bones on the lateral sides of the skull
Paranasal are mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
What are 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- used as resonating (echo) chambers to enhance voice (become obvious when someone has a cold)
- increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and help moisten it
- clean inhaled air
Mesenshyme-filled spaces between cranial bones and present at birth are called?
Fontanels
This fontanel is the first to close up
Posterolateral - closes 1 to 2 months after birth
The 4 fontanels are:
1) Anterior fontanel (18 - 24 months)
2) posterior (2 months)
3) Anterolateral (3 months)
4) Posterolateral (1 - 2 months)
This fontanel can take to ae 2 before fully closing
the Anterior fontanel
This bone does not form a joint with any other bone and is an attachment site for the tongue
The Hyoid Bone
-It is suspended by ligaments
-located between the mandible and larynx
- supports the tongue
- provides an attachment site for some muscles of the tongue and neck
How many vertebrae are they at birth viruses an adult spine
33 at birth.
9 vertebrae fuse (5 in the sacrum and 4 in the coccyx) making 26 vertebrae in the adult spine
CTLSC
what are the 5 lumbar regions: list from top to bottom
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacrum
5) Coccyx
How many vertebrae are in the Cervical/ neck region
7
How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic region
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region
5
How many vertebrae are in the Sacrum region
1 (including 5 fused sacral vertebrae)
How many vertebrae are in the Coccyx region
1 (including 4 fused coccygeal vertbrae)
the Coccyx is named because it’s shape resembles the bill of a coocoo bird
Name some functions of the vertebral column/ spine
- supports head
- encloses and protects spinal cord
- attachment point for: ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles of the back and upper limbs
These two regions make up the primary curve
Thoracic and sacral
The primary curve is anteriorly concave or convex?
concave
These two regions make up the secondary curve
Cervical and lumbar
The secondary curve is anteriorly concave or convex
convex
A fetus has a single anteriorly concave or convex curve
Concave. That is why the concaved curved regions of the spine are the primary curve (thoracic and sacral)
The secondary curve develops several months later as muscles strengthen and baby learns to lift head and maintain balance.
All curves are fully developed by age 10.
hyaline cartilage, nucleus pulposus, and annulus fibrosus make up what part of the spine?
Intervertebral Discs
Intervertebral discs make up approx what percentage of the height of the vertebral column?
25%
Of the three vertebral regions (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) which has two transverse foramen
cervical
In the cervical vertebrae the direction of the articular facets is ________
superior
In the thoracic vertebrae the direction of the articular facets is ________
posterior/ lateral
In the lumbar vertebrae the direction of the articular facets is ________
medial
Key anatomy of a cervical vertebrae
Size:
Foramen:
Spinous Process:
Transverse Processes (size):
Costal Facets:
Direction of articular facets:
Intervertebral discs:
Size: small
Foramen: 1 vertebral foramen, 2 transverse
Spinous Process: slender, and bi fid (C2 - C6)
Transverse Processes: small
Costal Facets: absent
Direction of articular facets: superior
Intervertebral discs: thick
Key anatomy of a thoracic vertebrae
Size:
Foramen:
Spinous Process:
Transverse Processes (size):
Costal Facets:
Direction of articular facets:
Intervertebral discs:
Size: large
Foramen: 1 vertebral foramen
Spinous Process: long, thick, project inferiorly
Transverse Processes: large
Costal Facets: present - superior and inferior
Direction of articular facets: postural, lateral
Intervertebral discs: thin
Key anatomy of a lumbar vertebrae
Size:
Foramen:
Spinous Process:
Transverse Processes (size):
Costal Facets:
Direction of articular facets:
Intervertebral disc:
Size: largest
Foramen: 1 vertebral foraman
Spinous Process: short, blunt
Transverse Processes (size): large & blunt
Costal Facets: absent
Direction of articular facets: medial
Intervertebral disc: thickest
Sternum, ribs and cartilages, bodies of the thoracic vertebrae make up what?
the Thoracic cage
what are the 3 parts that make up the sternum.
These 3 bones typically fuse by age 25
1 - Manubrium
2 - body
3 - Xiphoid
The sternum articulates (has movement) thanks to which two things
clavicle and costal cartilages from the ribs
True ribs are called this because
their cartilage is directly connected to the sternum
how many pairs of ribs are there
12
The boney portion of the ribs ends a few inches away from the sternum and is connected by
Hyaline (or costal) cartilage
Ribs attach to the thoracic ribs at these two points
1) superior articular facet
2) inferior articular facet
Ribs 8 - 10
The caritlage of these ribs are indirectly connected to the sternum
false ribs
ribs 11 and 12
These ribs are not connected to the strenum
floating ribs
Skeletal Disorder
a condition where the nucleus pulposus protrudes out from the annulus fibrosus and into adjacent vertebral body is called
Herniated or slipped disc
Scoliosis is typically found in the thoracic spine and is when there is a increased ________ curve
lateral
When someone is hunch back it is called
kyphosis: an increase in the thoracic curve
This abnormal curve disorder is common in elderly people
kyphosis
A congenital defect of the vertebral column where the laminae does not develop and can range from normal to severe is called:
Spina Bi fida
this abnormal curve is an increase in the lumbar curve and can cause a hollow back
Lordosis
