Chapter 1 Flashcards
Introduction to the Human Body
The follow is a definition for ___________
the study of structure and the relationships amoung structures
Anatomy
- Science of structure
- relationships learned through dissection
- imaging techniques
The following is a definition for __________
The study of how body structures FUNCTION
Physiology
- Science of body functions
- genetic variations
What is metabolism?
the sum of all the catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body
Catabolic means building up or breaking down?
breaking up
A condition of equilibrium (or balance) in the body’s internal environment
this is a definition of>
homeostasis
Negative feedback loop is when the response:
a) reverses the stimuli
b) enhances the original system
a) reverses the stimuli
ex: blood pressure
A cycle of events where the status of a condition is monitored and reported back to a control region
this is a definition of:
Feedback Loop
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) versus Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - which is found inside the cell and also known as cystol
ICF - Intracellular Fluid
plasma, lymph plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor are all examples of________
Extracellular Fluid
Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest:
a) Organ
b) Cellular
c) Tissue
d) Organism
e) Chemical
f) System
E, B, C, A, F, D
Chemical (atomic and molecular)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
list what elements are found at the chemical level of our bodies
hint: there are 7 primary ones
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Calcium
Sulfur
Atoms form together to make _______
Molecules
Molecules form together to make _______
cells
the basic structural function units of an organism
A group of cells that work together to form a similar function is a _____
Tissue
What are the 4 types of tissue?
1) Epithelium
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
structures composed of two or more different types of tissue are _______
organs
Organs have a specific function and a recognizable shape
_________ Consists of related organs with a common function
system
How many organ systems does the body have?
11
Can an organ be a part of more than one system?
Yes
ex: Pancreas is involved in both the digestive and endocrine system
All the parts of the human body functioning together constitutes the total ______
organism!
An organism is any living thing
Types of ECF (Extracellular fluid)
what are they called and where are they found?
1) __________ - found within blood vessels
2) Lymph plasma- found in ________ system
3) __________ fluid - found in nervous system
4) __________ fluid - found in joints
5) Aqueous humor and vitreous body - found in ______
1) Plasma
2) Lymphatic system
3) cerebrospinal fluid
4) synovial fluid
5) eyes
Homeostasis is regulated by these two systems working together and/ or independently
nervous and endocrine
nerve impulses cause rapid changes
hormones usually work more slowly
Match the body fluids (1-3) with where they can be found (A-C)
1) Intracellular Fluid
2) Extracellular Fluid
3) Interstitial Fluid
Options:
A) filled between cells
B) inside of the cells
C) Outside of the cells
1 - B
2 - C
3 - A
rearrange the following steps to form the correct stages of a feedback loop
A) Return to Homeostasis
B) Controlled Variable (CV)
C) Effectors
D) Response that alters CV
E) Stimulus
F) Receptor
G) Control Center
E, B, F, G, C, D, A
(E) Stimulus - disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing CV
(B) Controlled Variable - is monitored by receptors
(F) Receptors - monitors a CV. send INPUT (nerve impulses or hormones) to Control Center
(G) Control Center - Determines action. Receives input and provides OUTPUT to Effectors
(C) Effectors - receives direction from control center and produces a response i.e. brings about change.
(D) Response that alters CV - change from effectors occurs until homeostasis is returned
(A) Return to Homeostasis - end of feedback loop
In the negative feedback loop which monitors blood pressure. What would be an example of the EFFECTORS?
Heart and blood vessels
Stimulus = Increase in BP
CV = Blood pressure
Receptors = Barroreceptors in BV - (input = nerve impulses)
Control center = Brain (output = nerve impulses)
Effector = heart and BV
Response = decrease heart rate, and dilation of BV
Describe how someone stands in the anatomical posistion
Stand erect, facing the observer, with the head level, eyes forward, feet flat, arms by side with palms forward
mountain pose
This is the standardized method of observing or imaging the body. allows for anatomical reference
Prone position is
A) face up
B) Face down
C) laying on side
B) face down
when a person is laying face up, they are said to be in the ______ position
supine
fill in the blanks of this image
a) superior
b) inferior
c) Lateral
d) Medial
e) proximal
f) Distal
________Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
_______ farther from limb attachment
proximal
distal
__________Towards or on surface of body
__________ Away from surface of body
Superficial (external)
Deep (internal)
______Near midline
_______ between two structures
________ farther from midline
medial
intermediate
lateral
________ nearer to, or at the front of the body
____ near to, or at the back of the body
Anterior
posterior
__________ toward the head or upper part of structure
______ ward from head. or lower part of structure
superior
inferior
_________ on same side of body as another structure
_________ on opposite side of the body from another structure
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
The heart is ________ to the liver
superior
The stomach is _______ to the lungs
inferior
The sternum is ________ to the heart
Anterior
The ulna bone is _____ to the radius bone
medial
Lungs are ____ to the hear
lateral
The transverse colon is _________ to ascending and descending colon
intermediate (between)
The gallbladder is ________ to the ascending colon
Ipsilateral
Humerus is _________ to radius
Proximal
Fingers are _____ to wrist
distal
Planes - are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body:
1) Sagittal plane
a) Midsagittal/ Median Plane
b) Parasagittal plane
2) Frontal Plane
3) Transverse (cross-sectional) or Horizontal plane
4) Oblique plane
Describe how each of these planes divide
1) Sagittal plane - divides body into L/R
a) Midsagittal/ Median Plane - produces equal halves
b) Parasagittal plane - Produces unequal halves
2) Frontal Plane - Divide into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
3) Transverse (cross-sectional) or Horizontal plane - divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
4) Oblique plane - some combination of 2 other planes (oblique angle = any angle other than 90 degree)
A plane that combines 2 other planes (any angle other than 90 degree) is a _________ plane
Oblique plane
divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions is a__________ plane
Transverse
_________plane divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal (or coronal) plane
_______ plane divides body or organ into left and right
sagittal plane
________ plane produces equal halves
Midsagittal/ Median plane
__________ plane produces unequal halves
parasagittal plane
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
What are the four major planes:
Dorsal Cavity
1)_________
2)__________
Ventral Cavity
3)__________
4) __________
1) Cranial Cavity
2) Spinal /Vertebral Cavity
3) Thoracic cavity
4) Abdominopelvic cavity
