Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 235 Chapter 5 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many bones in axial

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many bones in appendicular

A

126

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many bones in the human body

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 type of bones

A
  1. long bone
  2. short bone
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

long bone

A

-slightly curved for strength
-ex. femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

short bones

A

-cube shape, even width and length
-consists mostly of spongy bone, covered in thin layer of compact bone
-ex. carpal bone, tarsal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

flat bone

A

-thin
-composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

irregular bones

A

-complex shapes
-both spongy and compact
-ex. vertebrae, hip bone, facial bones, calcaneus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sesamoid bones

A

-in certain tendons where there is friction, tension and physical stress
-protect the tendons from wear and tear, change the direction of pull of tendon which improves mechanical advantage
-# vary from person to person
-ex. patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

surface markings

A

depressions and openings
processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

depressions and openings

A

allows passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments. or tendons) or formation of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fissure

A

-narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones where blood vessels/ nerves pass
-ex. superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

foramen

A

-opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
-ex. optic foramen of sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression
-ex. coronoid fossa of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sulcus

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, tendons
-ex. inter-tubular sulcus of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meatus

A

tubelike opening
-ex. external auditory meatus of temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

processes

A

projections/outgrowths on bone that form joints/attachment point for connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

processes for joints

A

condyle
facet
head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

processes for attachment for connective tissue

A

crest
epicondyle
line
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

condyle

A

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone
-ex. lateral condyle of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

facet

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface
-ex. superior articular facet of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

head

A

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
-ex. head of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge/elongated projection
-ex. iliac crest of the hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epicondyle

A

typically roughened projectile above condyle
-ex. medial epicondyle of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

line

A

long, narrow ridge or border
-ex. linea aspira of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection
-ex.spinous process of vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

trochanter

A

very large projection
-ex. greater trochanter of femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

tubercle

A

variably sized round projection
-ex. greater tubercle of humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tuberosity

A

variably sized projection that has rough, bumpy surface
-ex. ischial tuberosity of hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how many bones in the skull

A

22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 skull categories

A

cranial and facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cranial bones

A

-protect the brain
-8 cranial= frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

facial bones

A

-14 facial
-2 nasal, 2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, vomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

function of skull

A

-stabilizes the positions of brain, blood vessels , lymphatic vessels and nerves through the attachment of their inner surface to membrane
-protect brain
-outer surfaces provide area for muscle attachment to move head
-form several smaller cavities: nasal cavity and orbits, paranormal sinus, middle ear cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is frontal bone made of

A

-forehead
-roof of orbits
-most of anterior part if cranial floor
-frontal squama
-supraorbital margin
-frontal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how is frontal bone united

A

metopic suture which disappears after age 6-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

frontal squama

A

plate that forms forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

supraorbital margin

A

superior border of orbits thicken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

frontal sinuses

A

deep to frontal squama

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

parietal bones

A

-2 of them form the greater portion of sides of roof of cranial cavity
-internal surfaces contain protrusions and depressions that accommodate the blood vessels supplying the dua mater, superficial connective tissue covering the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

temporal bone

A

form interior lateral aspects of cranium and part of cranial floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

temporal squama

A

forms anterior and superior part of the temple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

zygomatic process

A

articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process and temporal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

mandibular fossa

A

inferior posterior surface of zygomatic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

tempormandibular joint

A

mandibular fossa and articular tubercle articulate with mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

mastoid portion

A

posterior and inferior to external auditory meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

mastoditis

A

middle ear infection spread to mastoid air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

mastoid process

A

rounded projection of mastoid portion of the temporal, point of attachment for neck muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

opening where facial nerves and vestibulocochlear nerve pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

styloid process

A

point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve and stylomastoid artery pass

53
Q

petrous portion

A

base of skull, houses internal ear and middle ear, contains carotid foramen

54
Q

occipital bone

A

posterior part of cranium
-includes foramen magnum, occiital condyles, antlanto-occipital joint, external occipital protuberance

55
Q

foramen magnum

A

inferior, medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord here

56
Q

occipital condyles

A

oval processes with convex surfaces on side of foramen magnum

57
Q

antlanto-occipital joint

A

occipital condyle articulates with depression on 1st cervical (atlas) vertebrae allows you to nod yes

58
Q

external occipital protuberance

A

most prominent midline projection on posterior side

59
Q

sphenoid bone

A

-middle part of base of skull
-articulates with all cranial bones and holds them together
-resembles butterfly
-sella turica (dorsum sellae, tubercalum sellae) and hypophyseal fossa

60
Q

ethmoid bone

A

-delicate, located in anterior part of cranial floor
-sponge like appearance

61
Q

what does the ethmoid bones form

A
  1. anterior portion of cranial floor
  2. meidal wall of orbits
  3. superior portion of nasal septum
  4. most of the superior sidewalls of nasal cavity
62
Q

facial bones

A

-nasal bones
-lacrimal bones
-palatine bones
-inferior nasal conchae
-vomer
-maxilae
-zygomatic bones
-mandible

63
Q

nasal bones

A

small, flattened, rectangular shaped bones that form bridge of nose
-protect entry to nasal cavity and provide attachment for thin muscles

64
Q

lacrimal bones

A

-thin and resemble a fingernail in size and shape
-smallest bone of the face
-posterior and lateral to nasal bone
-form part of medial wall of each orbit
-have fossa s that hold lacrimal sacs (tears)

65
Q

palatine bones

A

-2 L shaped
form posterior portion of the hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity and small portion of floor orbits
-posterior portion formed by horizontal plates

66
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

-2 scroll like bones form part of the inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity and project onto nasal cavity
-help filter air before lungs, only superior nasal involved in smell

67
Q

vomer

A

-triangular shape on floor of nasal cavity
-articulates superiorly with perpendicular plate of ethmoid and sphenoid
-inferiorly with both maxilla and palatine
-forms inferior nasal septum

68
Q

maxillae

A

-upper jaw bone, articulates with every facial bone except mandible
-form part of floor of orbits, part of lateral walls and floor of nasal cavity and most of hard palate (roof of mouth)
-contains maxillary sinus , alveolor process and palatine process, infraorbital foramen

69
Q

zygomatic bones

A

-2 cheekbones
-form prominence of cheeks and part of lateral wall and floor of each orbit
-articulates with frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal and zygomatic process of zygomatic arch

70
Q

mandible

A

-lower jaw
-largest and strongest facial bone
-only moveable skull bone
-consist of curved, horizontal body and 2 perpendicular portion, rami
-each ramus has posterior condylar process which articulate with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle to form TMJ
(anterior coronoid process)
-contain mental foramen (injection site of dentists) and mandibular foramen

71
Q

nasal septum 3 components

A

vomer, septal cartilage and perpendicular plates of ethmoid bone

72
Q

3 cranial bones of orbit

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

73
Q

4 facial bones of orbit

A

palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla

74
Q

roof of orbit

A

parts of frontal and sphenoid

75
Q

lateral wall of orbit

A

parts of zygomatic and sphenoid

76
Q

medial wall

A

parts of maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid

77
Q

floor

A

maxilla, zygomatic and palatine

78
Q

5 optic openings

A
  1. optic formen: junction of roof and medial wall
    2.superior orbital fissure: superior lateral angle of apex
  2. inferior orbital fissure: junction of lateral wall and floor
  3. supraorbital foramen: medial side of supraorbital margin of frontal bone
  4. lacrimal fossa: lacrimal bone
79
Q

sutures

A

immoveable joint that holds skull together (not in children)

80
Q

4 sutures

A
  1. coronal suture: unite frontal and 2 parietal
  2. sagittal suture: unite 2 parietal bones on superior midline of skull
  3. lambdoid: unites 2 parietal bones to occipital bone
  4. 2 squamous: flat, unite parietal and temporal bones on lateral side of skull
81
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

-cavities in certain cranial and facial bones near nasal cavity
-lined with mucus membrane
-allows skull to increase in size without change in mass
-increase surface area which helps moisten and clean air

82
Q

where are paranasal sinuses mostly found

A

in sagital section

83
Q

Fontanels

A

regions of connective tissue between incomplete developed cranial bones that were unossified mesenchyme in fetus and newborns
-create soft spot on flexibility in fetal skull
-eventually replaced by bone in intramembraneous ossification

84
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • U shaped
    -component of axial skeleton because it doesn’t articulate with any other bone
    -suspended by ligaments and muscles from styloid process of temporal bones
    -located in anterior neck between mandible and larynx
    -supports tongue
85
Q

in early development how many vertebrae?

A

33

86
Q

adult vertebrae number

A

26 because the sacral and coccygeal fuse

87
Q

kinds of vertebrae

A

7 cervical (moveable)
12 thoracic (moveable)
5 lumbar (moveable)
1 sacrum (5 fused sacral)
1 coccyx (4 fused coccygeal)

88
Q

convex and secondary vertebrae

A

cervical and lumbar

89
Q

concave and primary

A

thoracic and sacral

90
Q

what does the curve of vertebrae do?

A

helps strengthen, balance, and absorb shock, protect

91
Q

curve in fetus vertebrae

A

single anterior concave curve

92
Q

intervertebral discs are what % of height

A

25%

93
Q

what do intervertebral disc consist of

A

-have outer fibrous ring consisting of annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus
-superior and inferior surface consist of hyaline cartilage
-

94
Q

what do intervertebral discs do

A

-absorb shock
-under compression flatten and broaden

95
Q

why are you shorter at night

A

during day discs compress and lose water

96
Q

why do you lose height with age

A

due to bone loss in vertebral body

97
Q

vertebral body

A

-thick, disc shape anterior portion
-weight bearing part
-superior and inferior roughened for intervertebral disc attachment
-anterior and lateral surface contain nutrient formina

98
Q

vertebral arch

A

-unison of 2 pedicles projecting posteriorly from vertebral body and arch surround spinal cord forming vertebral foramen

99
Q

what does a vertebral foramen consist of

A

spinal cord, adipose tissue , areolar connective tissue and blood vessels

100
Q

how many processes from vertebral arch

A

7

101
Q

which vertebral processes arise from the vertebral arch and provide attachment for muscles?

A

spinous process and 2 transverse process

102
Q

which vertebral processes arise from the vertebral arch and form joints with other vertebrae?

A

2 superior articular processes and 2 inferior articular processes

103
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

smaller
vertebrae arches are larger

104
Q

how many foramina in cervical vertebrae

A

3: 1 vertebral foramen and 2 transverse foramina

105
Q

Atlas

A

-C1
-ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches
l-arge lateral masses
-no spinous process or body
-atlantoccipital joint

106
Q

what does the atlantoccipital joint do

A

nod yes

107
Q

axis

A

-C2
-does have a body
-peglike process: odontoid process
-pivots on atlas and head rotates
-atlantoaxial joint

108
Q

C3-C6 struture

A

typical vertebral structure

109
Q

C7 structure

A

promines: large non bifid spinous process, base of neck

110
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

larger and stronger than cervical
spinous process on T1- T10 are long and laterally flat and directed inferiorly
-T11-T 12 are shorter, broaden and directed posteriorly
-longer and larger transverse process

111
Q

costal facets

A

: articular surface for ribs, not on T11 and T12

112
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

-largest and strongest
-projections are short and thick
-superior articular processes directed medially, inferior articular process laterally

113
Q

Sacrum

A

-triangular shaped
-not moveable
-fuse at 16-18 complete by 30
-female sacrum are wider and shorter
-includes sacral promontory, sacroiliac joint and lumbosacral joint

114
Q

coccyx

A

-triangular shaped
-not moveable
-fuse at 20-30
-point inferiorly in women, anteriorly in men

115
Q

Sternum

A

-center of anterior thoracic wall

116
Q

3 parts of sternum

A
  1. superior part: manubrium
  2. middle/largest: body
    3 inferior/smallest= xiphoid process
117
Q

junction of manibrium and body

A

sternal angle

118
Q

manubrium depression on superior surface

A

suprasternal notch

119
Q

manubrium depression on lateral surface

A

clavicular notches

120
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

clavicular notch articulate with medial ends of clavicle

121
Q

how many ribs

A

12 pairs = 24

122
Q

how many pairs have direct anterior attachment to sternum

A

1-7 by costal cartilage

123
Q

true ribs

A

attach directly to sternum (2 pairs)

124
Q

sternocosal joints

A

true ribs and sternum articulate

125
Q

false ribs

A

indirectly or not attached to sternum
5 pairs

126
Q

where do ribs 8-10 attach

A

have costal cartilage that attach to one another and to cartilage of rib 7

127
Q

rib 11-12

A

are floating ribs and do not attach to sternum

128
Q
A

BIO 235 Chapter 5 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions