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BIO 235 Chapter 5 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system?

A

-composed of skin, hair ,oil, sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors
-regulates body temp
-protects the body

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2
Q

cutaneous membrane 2 parts

A
  1. epidermis: superficial, thinner
  2. dermis: thicker, connective tissue portion
    subcutaneous layer is deeper than dermis and consists of adipose tissue and areolar. connected to dermis through fibers, contains nerve endings (llamellated corpuscles ) which is sensitive to pressure
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

4 principles types of cells

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
intraepidermal macrophage
tactile epithelial cell

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5
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of skin
protects skin
4-5 layers
produces lamellar granulles (decreases water entry and prevent entry of foreign material)

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6
Q

melanocytes

A

-produces pigement melanin
-once inside keratinocytes, melanin forms protective walls over nucleus shielding from UV damage

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7
Q

intraepidermal macrophage

A

(aka langerhan cells)
-come from red bone marrow and move to epidermis
-help in immune repsonse in skin invasion of microbes
-easily damaged by UV

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8
Q

tactile epithelial cell

A

(aka merkel cells)
-least numerous
-deepest part of epidermis
-tactile discs: contact flattened process of a sensory neuron

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9
Q

thin skin layers

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and thin stratum corneum

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10
Q

thick skin layers

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and thick stratum corneum

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11
Q

Stratum Basale

A

-deepest layer
-composed of single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
-some are stem cells
-keratinocytes nuclei is large
-cytoplasm contains ribosomes
-small golgi complex
-few mitochondria
-some rough endoplasmic reticulum
-more actively metabolic because they are closer to blood vessels and receive more nutrients and O2

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12
Q

stratum spinosum

A

-numerous kerotinocytes in 8-10 layers which is preproduced by stem cells in basal layer
-some organelles as stratum basale
-courser keratin intermediate filaments
-provide strength and flexibility
-projections of melanocytes and intraepidermal macrophage

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13
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

-middle
-3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
-nuclei and organelle degenerate
-cells contain keratohylin (converts keratin intermediate filaments in to keratin)
-lamellar granules release lipid rich water repellent secretion)
-secretion depositied into spaces of stratum

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14
Q

Strata Lucidum

A

-only present in thick skin
-4-6 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes that contain large amount of keratin and thickened plasma membrane (tough skin)

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15
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

-25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
-no nucleus or organelles
-cells are thin, flat, filled with keratin
-callus fromation due to increased cell production and keratin production

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16
Q

keratinization

A

cells move from one layer to the next , they accumulate more and more keratin, then undergo apoptosis and get replaced by underlying cells

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17
Q

Dermis

A

-composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers- good tensile strength
-stretch and recoil
-thicker than epidermis
-fibroblasts, some microphage, few adipocytes
-blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles are embedded in dermis

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18
Q

Papillary Region

A

-1/5 thickness of total layer
-contains thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
-surface area is increased by dermal papillae

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19
Q

dermal papillae

A

small, nipple shape that project into undersurface of epidermis whci hall contain capillary loops, some contain corpuscles of touch or free nerve endings that initiate signals of sensations

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20
Q

reticular region

A

-attached to subcutaneous layer
-contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, various wandering cells (macrophage), some adipose cells and course elastic fibers
-more regular arrangement to help skin resist stretching
-contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands
-collagen and elastic fibers provides skin with strength, elasticity

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21
Q

epidermal ridges

A

-produced during 3mths of fetal development as downward projections of epidermis into dermis between the dermal papillae of papillary region
-creates a strong bond between epidermis and dermis during mechanical stress
-increases surface area, grip, and friction

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22
Q

fingerprints

A

ducts of sweat gland open on top of the epidermal ridges as sweat pores , sweat ridges form prints

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23
Q

Structural basis of skin colour (3 pigments)

A

-melanin, hemoglobin and carotene
-# of melanocytes are the same in everyone, colour difference is due to the amount of pigment the melanocytes produce and transfer to keratinocytes

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24
Q

Hair shaft

A

superficial part of the hair, profect above skin surface

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25
hair root
portion deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometime subcutaneous
26
hair shaft and hair root 3 layers
1. inner medula 2.middle cortex 3. cuticles of the hair
27
inner medulla
2-3 rows of irregular shape cells containing large amount of pigment granules
28
middle cortex
forms major part of the shaft and consists of elongated cells
29
cuticles of hair
outer most layer, single layer of thin, flat cells that are mostly keratinized
30
hair follicle
-surrounds root of the hair -made of external and internal root sheath (epithelial root sheath)
31
external root sheath
downward continuation of epidermis
32
internal root sheath
produced by matrix and forms cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between external root sheath and hair
33
dermal root sheath
dense dermis that surrounds hair follicle
34
hair bulb
at base of hair follicles and is surrounded by dermal root sheath houses papilla of hair and hair matrix
35
papilla of hair
contains areolar connective tissue and blood vessels to nourish hair
36
hair matrix
germinal layer of cells, responsible for growth of existing hair and replaces old hair
37
arrector pili
smooth muscle that extends from superficial dermis of skin to dermal root sheath -goosebumps are caused when automatic nerve endings stimulate arrector pilli muscle to contract
38
hair root plexus
surrounds each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons
39
Sebaceous glands -type -Termination of excretory duct -Location of secretory portion -Secretion -Functions
-oil glands -simple, branched acinar glands -connected to hair follicles -secreting portion lies in dermis and usually opens at neck of hair follicle -secretes oily substance called sebum -prevents hair from drying out, prevents water loss from skin, keeps skin soft and inhibits growth of bacteria
40
sudoriferous glands 2 main types
eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands
41
eccrine glands -type -distribution -Termination of excretory duct -Location of secretory portion -Secretion -Functions
-simple, tubular gland -distributed throughout the skin, especially forehead, palms, soles -termination through surface of epidermis -secretory portion located in deep dermis -Perspiration, which consists of water, ions (Na , Cl ), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid. -thermoregulation, waste removal
42
thermoregulation
homeostatic regulation of body temp -when sweat evaporates, heat leaves body, lowers body temp -blood vessels dilate, more blood flows increasing heat loss in body -opposite when in cold: vessels constrict and sweat stops, muscles contract to generate heat
43
thermoregulatory sweating
first starts of forehead/scalp
44
insensible perspiration
sweat that evaporates before perceived as moisture
45
sensible perspiration
excreted larger amounts and is perceived
46
Apocrine sweat glands -type -distribution -Termination of excretory duct -Location of secretory portion -Secretion -Functions
-simple, coiled, tubular gland but have larger ducts and lumen -found mainly in axilla, groin, breast, beard -opens into hair follicle lower dermis or upper subcutaneous layer -milky/yellow in colour, same contents as eccrine plus lipids and proteins -during sexual acitivty
47
Ceruminous glands -distribution -Termination of excretory duct -Location of secretory portion -Secretion -Functions
-in external ear -surface of external ear or duct of sebaceous gland -subcutaneous layer -waxy lubricating secretion, cerumen -impedes entrance of foreign bodies in ear canal
48
nail body
visible portion of nail, appear pink due to blood flow
49
free edge
part of nail body that extends past, white because no blood flow
50
nail root
protion of nail buried in fold of skin
51
lunula
white, crescent on nail body, blood flow does not show due to think epithelium
52
hyponychium
beneath free edge is thickened region of stratum corneum, junction between free edge and skin of finger tip, secures nail to finger
53
nail bed
skin below nail plate that extends from lulnula to hyponychium, lacks stratum corneum
54
eponychium
-cuticle -narrow bed of epidermis that extends from nail wall, occupies proximal border of nail and consists of stratum corneum
55
hang nail
torn piece of skin at side or base of finger caused by dryness of eponychium
56
nail matrix
epithelium proximal to nail root, divide mitotically to produce new nail, growth rate due to rate of mitosis in matrix cell
57
function of nail
1. protect distal end of digit 2. provide support and counter pressure to palmar surface of finger to enhance touch perception and manipulation 3. allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects and scratch and groom body
58
thin skin -distribution -epidermal thickness -epidermal strata -hair follicle and arrector pilli -sebaceous gland -sensory receptor
-all parts of the bosy except areas such as palms, palmar surface of digits and soles -0.10-0.15 mm -stratum lucidum essentially lacking, thinner spinosum and corneum -present -present -fewer -sparse
59
thick skin -distribution -epidermal thickness -epidermal strata -hair follicle and arrector pilli -sebaceous gland -sensory receptor
-areas suc has palms, palmar digits, soles -0.6-4.5mm due to thick stratum corneum -absent -absent -more numerous -dense
60
functions of skin
1.thermoregulation 2.blood reservoir 3.protection 4.cutaneous sensations 5.excretion and absorption
61
blood reservoir in skin
dermis houses network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of total blood flow
62
how does skin protect
keratin protects from microbes, abrasion and heat -protect from dehydration as lipids from lamellar granules inhibit evaporation -oily sebum kills bacteria and keeps hair from drying -melanin protect from UV -acidic perspiration protects against growth of microbes
63
cutaneous sensations
touch pressure vibrations tickling temperature
64
excretion and absorption in skin
-synthesizes vitamin D -requires activation of precursor molecule in skin by vitamin D -enzymes in liver and kidney then modify activated molecule calcitriol, aids in absorption of calcium

BIO 235 Chapter 5 (3 decks)

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