chapter 7 Flashcards
whats a Process Focused Strategy ?
- facilities are organized by process
- similar processed are together
- low volume, high variety products
- other names: intermittent process, job shop, batch shop
what are some pros and cons of Processed Focused Strategy ?
Advantages:
- greater product flexibility
- more general purpose equipment
- lower initial capital investment
Disadvantages:
- high variable costs
- more highly trained personnel
- more difficult production planning and control
- low equipment utilization
Repetitive Focused Strategy ?
- facilities often organized by assembly lines
- characterized by modules
- parts and assemblies made previously
- modules combined for many output options
Product Focused Strategy (continuous flow)
- facilities are organized by product
- high volume, low variety products
- where found: discrete unit manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing
- other names: line flow production, continos production
what are the Product Focused Strategy Pros and Cons?
Advantages:
- lower variable cost per unit
- lower but more specialized labor skills
- easier production planning and control
- higher equipment utilization (70% to 90%)
Disadvantages:
- lower product flexibility
- more specialized equipment
- usually higher capital investment
what is Mass Customization?
using technology and imagination to rapidly mass produce products that cater to sundry unique customer desires
what’s the point of Mass Customization?
under mass customization the three process models become so flexible that distinctions between them blur, making variety and volume issues less significant
what is the Fixed Cost?
does not depend on the quantity produced or serviced
(rent, taxes, security)
what is Variable Cost?
depends on the quantity produced or serviced
(material, labour)
how do we calculate Total Cost?
- fixed cost+variable cost
- TC=FC+VC*Quantity
list the tools for Process Design?
- flow diagrams
- process charts
- time function/process mapping
- work flow analysis
- value stream mapping
why do we use certain tools for Process Design?
these ar4e all very similar tools and are used for different processes with different details and requirements
list some advantages to Machine Technology?
- increased precision
- increased productivity
- increased flexibility
- increased safety
- decreased pollution
- decreased size
- decreased power requirements
- decreased boredom
whats the use of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)?
- improved data acquisition
- increased scope of process automation
whats the use of Vision Systems?
- particular aid to inspection
- consistently accurate
- never bored
- modest cost
- superior to employees performing manually thr same tasks
what is the point of Robots?
- perform monotonous, or dangerous tasks, or those requiring significant strength or endurance
- ehhanced consistency, accuracy, speed strength, power when substituted for human effort
- robots are suited to what is referred as the 3Ds- jobs that are Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous
whats the point of Automated Storage and Retrival Systems(ASRS)?
- automated placement and withdrawal of parts ad products
- particularly useful in large warehouses or distribution centres of pharmaceutical companies
what is RFID (radio Frequency Identification)?
- RFID is a “smart tag” (label) that functions as a microchip and receiver
- it is embedded with a unique electronic product code and a micro antenna. and is affixed to pallets or even to individual products
-once assigned, the EPC becomes a DNA like marker for the item, identifying it from every other item in the world - when a tagged item passes within range of a reader, the reader retrieves thr EPC via radio waves, identifies the time and its exact location, and relays this real time information to a central computer
what is Process Reengineering (Dramatic Redesign) ?
the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to bring about dramatic improvements in perofmrnace
what does Process Reengineerting rely on?
relies on revaluing the purpose of the process and questioning both the purpose and the underlying assumptions
what does Procees Reenginerring require?
reexamination of the basic process and its objectives
what does Process Reengineering focus on?
activities that cross boundaries
what does Facility Planning deal with?
- HOW MUCH long range capacity is needed
- WHEN more capacity is needed
- WHERE facilities should be located
- HOW facilities should be arranged
what is Capacity?
the “throughput”, or number of units a facility can hold, receive, store, or produce in a period of time
what is Design Capacity?
capacity a firm is designed to have. also called Best Operating Level
what is Utilization?
actual output as a percent of Design Capacity
how do we calculate Utilization?
actual output * 100 / Design Capacity
=
actual demand / total hours available
what are some implications in Capacity Changes?
- sales
- cash flow
- quality
- supply chain
- Human Resources
- maintenance
what are the special requirements for Making Good Capacity Decisions?
- forecast demand accurately
- understanding the technology and capacity increments
- finding the optimal operating level
- build for change
what are the strategies for Demand Management to match Capacity ?
- vary prices
- vary promotion
- change lead times
- offer complementary products
what are the stretgeis for Cacpstiy Management to match Demand?
- vary staffing (flexible workers)
- change equipment and processes
- flexible plants
- change methods
- redesign the product for faster processing
- subcontract
what is the difference between Bottleneck and Non-Bottleneck?
- Bottleneck: is what happens if capacity is less than demand placed on resource
- Non-Bottleneck: is what happens when capacity is greater than demand placed on resource
what are the consequences of saving time at each process?
- bottlenecks govern both throughput and inventory in the system
- an hour lost at bottleneck is an hour lost for the entire system
- an hour saved at a non bottleneck is a mirage
what is the 5 step approach for Managing Constraints?
- identify the system constraint
- develop a plan to overcome the system constraint
- focus resources on accomplishing step 2
- reduce effects of constraint and try to increase its capacity. EG. subcontract, re-route processes
- if, in the previous steps, the constraint has been overcome, go back to step 1 and identify new constraint
what does the concept Capacity Focus mean?
the concept of the Focused Factory holds that proaction facilities work bets when they focus on a fairly limited set of production objectives
