chapter 7

Question 1

what is retrieval?

Answer 1

The process of bringing information stored in memory

Question 2

Is retrieval more challenging than encoding?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

what is target memory or target trace?

Answer 3

The specific piece of information, fact, or personal experience that you want to recall from your memory.

Question 4

give me an example of target memory or target trace?

Answer 4

When someone asks you, “What did you have for dinner last night?” your response is the target memory, which, in this case, is what you ate for dinner.(e.g., what did you have for dinner last night-the target memory is your dinner)

Question 5

define retrieval cues?

Answer 5

Snippets of information or cues that help trigger the retrieval of a specific memory. Different cues can lead to the same memory being recalled. Cues can be different modalities (i.e., language, sensory)

Question 6

example of retrieval cues?

Answer 6

If you are trying to remember the name of a song but can’t recall it, hearing a few notes from the song on the radio can serve as retrieval cues, leading you to recall the song title.

Question 7

define association/links?

Answer 7

Connections or links in memory between different pieces of information or experiences. These associations help in memory retrieval by activating related memories.

Question 8

examples of association/links?

Answer 8

When you think of the word “dog,” it may evoke the memory of other related concepts like “cat” due to the association between these words. This connection demonstrates how associations or links play a role in memory retrieval.

Question 9

what are all of the different types of retrieval?

Answer 9

episodic retrieval, semantic retrieval, prospective retrieval, spatial order retrieval, and source memory retrieval

Question 10

define episodic retrieval?

Answer 10

subjective experience of remembering the past.

Question 11

defdine semantic retrieval?

Answer 11

the recall of general knowledge, facts, concepts, and information that is not tied to specific personal experiences. For example, recalling the capital of a country or the definition of a word would be instances of semantic retrieval.

Question 12

define prospective memory retrieval?

Answer 12

future intentions

Question 13

define spatial order retrieval?

Answer 13

order of items

Question 14

define source memory retrieval?

Answer 14

where you saw the information

Question 15

define retrieval failure?

Answer 15

We know the answer, but can’t produce it

Question 16

example of retrieval failure?

Answer 16

Unable to find your passport anywhere and your flight is tomorrow morning!

Question 17

what is TOT (tip of tongue) phenomenon?

Answer 17

where a person knows a word or a piece of information is stored in their memory but temporarily struggles to recall it.

Question 18

who is TOT tested by?

Answer 18

Roger Brown and David McNeill (1966)

Question 19

what are the two types of successful retrieval?

Answer 19

recognition and recall

Question 20

what is recognition?

Answer 20

Feeling of familiarity but not recalling specific details

Question 21

what is recall?

Answer 21

Retrieving the full memory

Question 22

what are the key differences between recognition and recall?

Answer 22

level of detail, confidence

Question 23

what is the process of retrieval?

Answer 23

1. initial activation level
2. association in memory (spreading of activation
3. Retrieval
4. pattern completion

Question 24

what is Cue specification?

Answer 24

what are trying to remember

Question 25

what is Cue maintenance?

Answer 25

working memory

Question 26

what is Interference resolution?

Answer 26

overcome interference from competing memories

Question 27

what is Post-retrieval monitoring?

Answer 27

did we retrieve what we were trying to?

Question 28

define reconstructive memory?

Answer 28

Retrieval of an incomplete memory

Question 29

define recognition memory?

Answer 29

our ability to identify or recognise previously encountered stimuli

Question 30

define unintentional retrieval?

Answer 30

involuntary recall of information

Question 31

how can we measure retrieval?

Answer 31

with recall tests (free recall), recognition tests (mcs), and neuroimaging (FMRI)

Question 32

what is passage of time?

Answer 32

traces grow weaker over time-trace decay. Both activation levels and structural levels

Question 33

what is Highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) aka hyperthymesia?

Answer 33

you remember everything from birth

Question 34

define accessibility?

Answer 34

ease with which a stored memory can be retrieve at a given point in time.

Question 35

define availability?

Answer 35

indicates if a trace is or is not stored in memory (binary)

Question 36

when do memories become vulnerable?

Answer 36

right away