Chapter 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Articulation
A
- The point of contact between bone, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth
2
Q
Two major classifications systems for joints
A
- Structural classification; is based on the presence or absence of a synovial (joint) cavity and the type of connecting tissue
- Structurally, joints are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
- Functional classification; of joints is based on the degree of movement permitted, from none to freely moveable.
3
Q
(CS) Synarthrosis
A
- An immobile or nearly immobile joint
- Immobile nature of these joints provide for a strong union between the articulating bones.
- This feature is important at locations where the bones provide protection for internal organs.
- For example: suture joints of the skull, immobile joints in adults
4
Q
(CS) Amphiarthrosis
A
- A joint that has limited mobility.
- ## For example: the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae has an amphiarthrosis intervertebral disc
5
Q
(CS) Diarthrosis
A
- A joint that is freely mobile
- These types include all synovial joints of the body, which provide majority of body movements.
- For example: multiaxial joint like the hip joint allows movement from all three planes.
6
Q
Fibrous joints
A
- Lack synovial cavity, their articulating bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue, and they permit little or no movement.
- They form strong connections between bones
7
Q
Types of fibrous joints
A
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Interosseous membrane
8
Q
(FJ) Sutures
A
- Fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bones
9
Q
Synostosis
A
- A suture joint that has ossified
- An example of a synostosis; is the frontal suture between the left and right sides of the frontal bone
10
Q
(FJ) Syndesmosis
A
- A fibrous joint with more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture
11
Q
(FJ) Interosseous membrane
A
- A sheet of dense irregular connective tissue joining two long bones (e.g., radius and ulna)
12
Q
Two types of cartilaginous joints
A
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
13
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
- Lacks a synovial cavity; its articulating bones are connected by either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage; and it allows little or no movement.
14
Q
(CJ) Synchdrondosis
A
- A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage
15
Q
(CJ) Symphysis
A
- A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is a disc of fibrocartilage.
- Examples of this joint are the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis
16
Q
Synovial joint
A
- A synovial joint (diarthrosis) has a synovial (joint) cavity between the articulating bones; this joint is freely movable.
-Articular cartilage covers the bones at synovial joints
- This cartilage reduces friction during movement, and helps to absorb shock
- The articular capsule surrounds a diarthrosis, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones.
- Is composed of two layers - the outer fibrous capsule that may contain ligaments, and the inner synovial membrane that secretes a lubricating and joint-nourishing synovial
- The flexibility of the fibrous capsule permits considerable movement at a joint, whereas its great tensile strength helps to prevent bones from dislocating
- Synovial fluid, secreted by the synovial membrane, lubricates and reduces friction in the joint and supplies nutrients to and removes metabolic wastes from the joint.
- Ligaments help hold bone to bone
- Articular discs modify the shape of the joint surfaces of the articulating bones, help maintain the stability of the joint, and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.
- Nerves that supply a joint are the same as those that supply the skeletal muscles that move the joint
17
Q
Movements at synovial joints (four categories)
A
- Gliding movements; occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth, and from side to side with respect to one another
- Angular movements; involve an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones, and can include: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
- Rotation movements; involve a bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis
- Special movement; occurs only at certain joints.
18
Q
Special movements that can occur at some joints
A
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- Supination
- Pronation
- Sprain
- Strain
19
Q
(JM) Elevation
A
- Upward movement of a part of the body
20
Q
(JM) Depression
A
- Downward movement of a part of the body
21
Q
(JM) Protraction
A
- Movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
22
Q
(JM) Retraction
A
- Movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position
23
Q
(JM) Inversion
A
- Movement of the soles medially at the intertarsal joints so that they face each other
24
Q
(JM) Eversion
A
- Movement of the soles laterally at the intertarsal joints so that they face away from each other
25
Q
(JM) Dorsiflexion
A
- Refers to bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface
26
Q
(JM) Plantar flexion
A
- Involves the bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar surface
27
Q
(JM) Supination
A
- Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over to the distal end of the ulna, and the palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly
28
Q
(JM) Sprain
A
- The forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bone
29
Q
(JM) Strain
A
- A stretched or partially torn muscle
30
Q
Subtypes of synovial joints
A
- Planar joints
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
- Ellipsoidal joint
- Saddle joint
- Ball-and-socket joint
31
Q
(SJ) Planar joints
A
- Permit mainly side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements
32
Q
(SJ) Hinge joint
A
- The convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone
33
Q
(SJ) Pivot joint
A
- A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament
34
Q
(SJ) Ellipsoidal joint
A
- An oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
35
Q
(SJ) Saddle joint
A
- Includes one bone whose articular surface is saddle-shaped, and another bone whose articular surface is shaped like a rider sitting in the saddle
36
Q
(SJ) ball-and-socket joint
A
- The ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cuplike depression of another
37
Q
Structure and function of the knee joint
A
- Knee joint is an example of a complex hinge joint, which we will examine in some detail
Know components of knee joint
