Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory stages

Answer 1

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

occurs as we first perceive information in our environment and factor in our thoughts and feelings and covert it into a form ready for storage

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

the maintenance of the encoded information in our brains for later access
duration: brief to lifetime

Question 4

Retrieval & example

Answer 4

when we access information stored in the brain from past experience
ex) taking good notes during a lecture

Question 5

Memory is constructive and can present the misinformation effect…

Answer 5

other details leak into your own memory

Question 6

False memories & example

Answer 6

Gist vs. Verbatim memory
-General memory vs. Very specific details of memory
ex) going on a boat in Hawaii vs. seeing a green sea turtle on the left side of boat

Question 7

Shallow encoding & example

Answer 7

based on sensory characteristics, such as how something looks or sounds
-superficial
ex) glossing over notes while studying

Question 8

Deep encoding & Types

Answer 8

based on connecting to past experience and meaning; activates pre-frontal cortex
-Types: Elaboration, Semantic, Visual Imagery, Self-referential

Question 9

Elaboration

Answer 9

connecting something you learn to something you already know “new with old”

Question 10

Semantic

Answer 10

considering the meaning of what you’re looking at
ex) looking at answers on MC question to determine your answer

Question 11

Self-referential encoding

Answer 11

most effective; connect to yourself – higher recall and accuracy

Question 12

What are the 2 aspects of memory storage?

Answer 12

Duration and Capacity

Question 13

Three storage levels in memory

Answer 13

Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

Question 14

Sensory & Types

Answer 14

holds information for a few seconds or less
Types: Iconic memory & Echoic memory

Question 15

Iconic memory

Answer 15

fast-decaying store of visual information (1/3 sec)

Question 16

Echoic memory

Answer 16

fast-decaying store of auditory information (2-10sec)

Question 17

Short term memory & Types

Answer 17

holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
Types: Rehearsal & Chunking

Question 18

Rehearsal

Answer 18

Process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM

Question 20

Working memory & Three parts

Answer 20

active maintenance of information in STM
3 Parts: Phonological loop, Visual-spatial sketchpad, Central executive

Question 21

Phonological loop

Answer 21

processes spoken and written material

Question 22

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 22

stores and processes information in a visual and spatial form

Question 23

Central executive

Answer 23

supports cognitive operations

Question 24

Long-term memory

Answer 24

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

Question 25

transience

Answer 25

unstable memory state, memory susceptible to change

Question 26

primacy vs recency effect

Answer 26

P: describes a boost in memory for information that was studied first R: a boost in memory for information that was studied last

Question 27

What are the two kinds of amnesia?

Answer 27

Anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia

Question 28

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 28

the inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory, preventing new long-term memories from forming

Question 29

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 29

the incapacity to retrieve old memories, but the ability to form new long-term memories remains intact

Question 30

What process supports consolidation?

Answer 30

Long-term potentiation

Question 31

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 31

the most likely cellular mechanism supporting long-term mechanism

Question 32

Consolidation

Answer 32

the process whereby memory storage is integrated and becomes stable in the brain, moving from short-term to long-term memory

Question 33

Reconsolidation

Answer 33

the process whereby retrieving a memory returns it to a transient, unstable state

Question 34

How do we examine reconsolidation?

Answer 34

classical conditioning

Question 35

Explicit vs. Implicit memory

Answer 35

E: declarative memory: involved intentional and conscious remembering I: a form of memory that occurs without intentional recollection or awareness and is measured indirectly through the influence of prior learning on behavior

Question 36

What kind of memory is episodic memory?

Answer 36

Explicit - Episodic involves the explicit recollection of personal experience that requires piecing together the elements of that time and place

Question 37

What kind of memory is semantic?

Answer 37

Explicit - the explicit memory supporting your knowledge about the world, including concepts and facts

Question 38

What kind of memory is procedural?

Answer 38

Implicit - a type of implicit memory related to the acquisition of skills

Question 39

Priming & example

Answer 39

a process in which previous exposure to a stimulus enhances a person's processing and response to that stimulus when it is presented again ex) exposing people to a long list of words, they will recall the words they were exposed to previously

Question 40

What is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 40

extremely vivid memory for emotionally significant events "photographic" - often false memories

Question 41

Recall vs. Recognition

Answer 41

Recall: information is accessed without any cues to aid retrival Recognition: relies on identifying information that you have previously seen or experienced

Question 42

Encoding specificity principle & example

Answer 42

effect of encoding context on memory retrieval ex) sitting in the same spot every class = retrieval cue for what you learned

Question 43

State-dependent retrieval

Answer 43

the increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mental state during both encoding and retrieval

Question 44

Forgetting curve

Answer 44

describes the retention of information over various time delays: forgetting is initially rapid but eventually levels off with time

Question 45

Trace delay theory

Answer 45

if we do not access and use the memory representation we have formed, the memory trace will weaken and decay over time, becoming less available for later retrieval

Question 46

Intereference theory

Answer 46

forgetting in long-term memory is related not to the passage of time but to interference created by integrating new and old information

Question 47

Two types of intereference

Answer 47

retroactive and proactive

Question 48

Retroactive interference

Answer 48

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 49

Proactive interference

Answer 49

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 50

Infantile amnesia

Answer 50

the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories from the first few years of like (birth to age 3 and 1/2)