Chapter 5

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

your moment by moment awareness of your internal and external world; ability to reflect on things

Question 2

Mind-body problem

Answer 2

brain activity precedes conscious decision (motor action)

Question 3

Mind-body problem supports

Answer 3

link between brain and behavior

Question 4

Introspection

Answer 4

the process of examining one’s own internal thoughts and feelings

Question 5

Focused awareness

Answer 5

people tend to focus their awareness on whatever is relevant to their goals (selective attention)

Question 6

Selective attention

Answer 6

focusing one’s awareness onto a particular aspect of one’s experience

Question 7

Inattentional blindness & example

Answer 7

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
ex) distracted driving

Question 8

Change blindness & example

Answer 8

when people fail to detect changes in visual stimulus/visual details of a scene
ex) construction on road

Question 9

What aspects define consciousness?

Answer 9

arousal and awareness

Question 10

Mind Wandering & examples of individuals who deal with it

Answer 10

the drifting of conscious awareness away from a current task
ex) depressed individuals – ruminate in failures

Question 11

Automaticity

Answer 11

the ability to perform even complex activities with minimal conscious awareness

Question 12

Cognitive unconscious

Answer 12

the various mental processes that support everyday functioning without conscious awareness or control

Question 13

Subliminal perception

Answer 13

a form of perception that occurs without conscious awareness; people cannot consciously report having seen a stimulus, but their behavior suggests otherwise

Question 14

Arousal vs. Awareness

Answer 14

arousal: a person’s level of wakefulness or alertness
awareness: consciously being able to recognize something

Question 15

What brain structures control arousal?

Answer 15

the thalamus and brainstem

Question 16

What brain structures control awareness?

Answer 16

the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 17

Default mode network

Answer 17

an interconnected system of brain regions that are active when the mind is alert and aware but not focused on a particular task

Question 18

Self-consciousness & example

Answer 18

the subjective awareness of self
ex) is mirror self-recognition “self-consciousness”
mark on forehead of animals: poking vs. touching self to take off mark

Question 19

What factors are involved in arousal and maintaining the biological rhythm?

Answer 19

circadian rhythm & suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 20

Circadian rhythm

Answer 20

a regular, 24-hour patter of bodily arousal; can occur without the presence of light

Question 21

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 21

brain structure in the hypothalamus that helps regulated sleep and alertness

Question 22

Sleep study

Answer 22

Polysomnography
- monitor muscle movement
- assessment for a range of issues

Question 23

Stages of sleep

Answer 23

distinct rhythm or pattern of brain activity, about every 90 minutes.

Question 24

Brain waves

Answer 24

Refer to desktop image

Question 25

REM Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Answer 25

- Brain activity like wakefulness - Faster heart and breathing rates - Inability to move the skeletal muscles - Dreams

Question 26

Unihemispheric sleep

Answer 26

Hemispheres "take turns" sleeping ex) birds, dolphins

Question 27

Functions of sleep

Answer 27

- Boosts immune cells - Brain rebuilds protein and restores glycogen - Muscle repair - Memory strengthening

Question 28

What is the activation-synthesis hypothesis?

Answer 28

brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity "synthesize neural activity into a story" - some activity is due to what we experienced during the day

Question 29

Insomnia

Answer 29

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Question 30

Sleep apnea

Answer 30

Person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

Question 31

What are the 2 types of sleep apnea?

Answer 31

Obstructive (more common) & Central

Question 32

Somnambulism

Answer 32

occurs when the person arises and walks around during sleep - does not occur during REM

Question 33

Narcolepsy

Answer 33

sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities; go immediately into REM sleep -cataplexy is associated

Question 34

REM behavior disorder

Answer 34

acting out one's dreams because your body is not in the paralysis state it should be in ex) talking, screaming, etc

Question 35

Night terrors

Answer 35

abrupt awakening with panic and intense emotional arousal

Question 36

Drug Tolerance

Answer 36

need larger doses over time for the same effect - bodies habituate to drug

Question 37

Drug withdrawal

Answer 37

physical and psychological - reward circuit is disrupted

Question 38

Drug addiction

Answer 38

strong compulsion to use a drug even though doing so damage a person's health, relationships, or ability to manage responsibilities

Question 39

Depressants & examples

Answer 39

Reduce CNS activity - increase GABA activity ex) alcohol, benzodiazepines, etc

Question 40

Stimulants & examples

Answer 40

excite CNS, heighten arousal and activity - elicit euphoria and confidence/motivation (increase in dopamine and norepinephrine) ex) caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, etc.

Question 41

Narcotics (opiates) & examples

Answer 41

derived from opium used to relieve pain - highly addictive -related to endorphins which reduce pain (opioids mimic them) ex) heroin, morphine, etc.

Question 42

Hallucinogens & examples

Answer 42

alter sensation and perception - causes auditory and visual hallucinations via heightened excitation across brain areas - similar molecular structure to serotonin (influence mood) ex) LSD, ketamine, etc.

Question 43

Marijuana

Answer 43

mildly hallucinogenic -drug affects judgement, concentration, sensory and time perception, short-term memory, and motor skills/coordination -THC is active ingredient

Question 44

Alcohol myopia

Answer 44

condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

Question 45

Alcohol expectancy theory

Answer 45

idea that alcohol effects can be pronounced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations