Chapter 7 Flashcards
Positive experiences
Beliefs that the future is likely to be positive
List two major types of positive experiences
1) Optimism
2) Hope
Goals
Desired outcomes
What are the five requirements to create good goals
1) Specific
2) Measurable
3) Attainable
4) Realistic
5) Time-bound
Personal importance of goals
According to Brunstein, people are more likely to pursue goals that are personally important to them
Approach goal
Involves attaining, achieving, or increasing something
Avoidance goal
Involves avoiding, stopping, or reducing something
According to Sheeran & Webb (2012), people perform better with what type of goals
Specific goals
Abstract goals
Goals that reflect general aims that transcend specific situations
Specific goals
Goals that detail specific, tangible rewards achieved by particular behaviors in response to particular contexts
Intrinsic goals
Self-concordant goals that satisfy our deepest needs and values
*Includes personal growth and interpersonal closeness
Extrinsic goals
Goals that primarily lead to external rewards and approval like wealth, status, and fame
People with which type of goals tend to experience higher levels of psychological well-being and are more motivated to achieve their goals
Intrinsic goals
Dispositional optimism
Tendency to believe that outcomes in one’s life will be positive, favorable, or desirable
Which group reported less presurgical distress, more confidence in satisfaction with medical care, more relief and happiness after surgery, and greater post-surgery sift satisfaction
Optimists
What may offer resistance to post-partum depression
Optimism
What is consistently linked to lower levels of personal distress
Optimism
What is linked to higher levels of distress
Pessimism
What tool was created by Martin Seligman and his colleagues to measure people’s explanatory styles
Attributional Style Questionnaire
What develops in childhood, and without explicit intervention, is lifelong
Explanatory style
What are the three dimensions of explanatory style
1) Permanence
2) Pervasiveness
3) Personalization
What is the ABCDE model for pessimistic thoughts
Adversity
Beliefs
Consequences (emotional)
Disputation of routine, irrational beliefs
Energization that occurs when dispute is successful/Effective new beliefs to replace irrational ones
Disputations
Involve checking the accuracy of the beliefs about ourselves that are encouraging us to feel pessimistic
John Henryism
Tendency to respond actively to stressors with the expectation that determination and hard work will lead to success
John Henry
19th century African American folk hero
What do studies show about people with high levels of John Henryism
1) Few financial resources
2) High societal barriers
3) Increased risk of cardiovascular problems
4) Generally diminished physical health
Which group of people are particularly vulnerable to the set of circumstances common with John Henryism
Black Americans
According to Oishi and Diener (2001), between White and Asian students, which group felt more satisfied about progressing towards independent goals
White students
According to Oishi and Diener (2001), between White and Asian students, which group felt more satisfied about progressing towards interdependent goals
Asian students
What are the three components of hope
1) Goals
2) Pathways
3) Agency
Pathways
Plans or strategies people believe will lead to goals
Agency
The collection of beliefs that motivate people to work toward achieving their goals
Which two components of hope are theorized to influence one another
Pathways and agency
Who developed the Hope Theory model and when was it established
C.R. Snyder (1994)
What measure assesses hope in a trait-like way
Hope Scale
What measures one’s momentary level of hope
State Hope Scale
According to Feldman and Snyder (2005), greater hope and optimism have which associations
Lower depression and anxiety
Higher self-esteem and meaning in life
What are the four ways to make disputations convinving
1) Evidence
2) Alternatives
3) Implications
4) Usefulness
Permanence
Sometimes vs always
Pervasiveness
Specific vs global
Personal
External vs internal
What exists within cultural contexts
Goals
What are the dangers of unrealistic optimism
1) Unnecessary risk-taking
2) Believing one is less vulnerable than they really are
3) Difficult to change
