Chapter 6 Flashcards
The idea that your genetics determine our behavior. The way that we act is in our nature.
Nature
The idea that the way we were raised determines our behavior. We were nurtured to act in certain ways.
Nurture
What is the importance of studying talent and giftedness?
1) Helps create environments where talent and giftedness flourish
2) May lead to admiration and urge for self-improvement
3) Ensures advancement as a society and community
How are talent and giftedness operationally defined?
1) Subjective judgements (Not sufficient for research)
2) Standardized assessments
What is the population IQ score distribution?
68% within 85-115
28% within 70-85 and 115-130
2% within 55-70 and 130-145
0.2% below 55 and above 145
Three different views on nature and nurture of talent and giftedness
1) Talent and giftedness are largely innate
2) Talent and giftedness are developed
3) Talent and giftedness are both innate and developed
Andres Valencia
10 year old art prodigy
Little Picasso
What is the heritability estimate of high intelligence (top 15%) for the High Cognitive Abilities Consortium
50%
What is the heritability estimate of intelligence from the High Cognitive Abilities Consortium
55%
What was the high intelligence heritability estimate for male twins that entered Swedish military between 1968 and 2010
44%
What two things have high heritability estimates
1) Muscle mass
2) Explosive strength
What was the heritability estimate for tendency to engage in athletics according to a twin study from 7 European countries
48% - 71%
Relative age effect
Advantage of being born earlier in your age cohort
Who are more likely to be better athletes and students?
Older people or younger people
Older, more physically mature young people
How will relative age effect impact younger players in early development
May negatively impact them
(Those who continue with the sport may benefit in the long run)
What is deliberate practice according to Ericsson (1993)
Performance and expertise tend to improve over time
According to Vincent and Glamser (2006), relative age effect is more pronounced amongst soccer players from which gender
Male
According to Ericsson (1993), can innate abilities fully explain talent and giftedness
No
What activities are relevant for deliberate practice
1) Variability in objective performance outcomes
2) Person is motivated to work for the activity
3) person wants to improve performance
What deliberate practice factors facilitate improved performance
1) Immediate feedback
2) Personalized feedback
Immediate feedback
Built in success and failure feedback
(Shooting a basketball, writing code)
Personalized feedback
Feedback provided by a teacher or expert
For personalized feedback, what is the expert’s responsibility
Continuing to increase difficulty of practices
For personalized feedback, what must improve to meet continued challenges
Skills
According to Ericsson, on average, how long will it take to achieve excellence in certain skills
10,000 hours
*Sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less
Over-practice
A possible danger of overtraining
What does excellence require a sensible balance between
1) Hard work
2) Rest
How long do those who achieve high levels of excellence tend to practice daily
4 hours/day
What are the four principles of deliberate practice
1) Work on areas in need of improvement
2) Give full concentration
3) Get feedback
4) Repeat until mastery
What things keep individuals motivated for deliberate practice
1) Rethink failure
2) Rethink frustration and confusion
3) Rethink talent
4) Share the experience
Grit
Combination of passion and persistance
According to the SMPY, what were the percentage likelihoods for each cohort earning a doctoral degree by age 33
Cohort 1 (top 1 in 100): 25%
Cohort 2 (top 1 in 200): 30%
Cohort 3 (top 1 in 10,000): 50%
Compared to low 25% on the SAT-Math, those in the top 25% of the SAT-Math were more likely to…
1) Obtain a doctorate degree
2) Obtain a STEM doctorate
3) Earn more money
Threshold theory
After a certain level of intelligence, more intelligence has NO additional benefit
*SMPY findings disagree
Excellence Gap
Black, LatinX, ESL students are underrepresented in gifted/talented and STEM programs
What two groups are more likely to leave gifted and talented programs than white students
BIPOC students and ESL students
Which two groups are equally likely to declare STEM majors but more likely to leave major or drop out than white students
Black students and LatinX students
What are the initiatives to address the Excellence Gap
1) Move away from standardized assessments
2) Provide an accelerated, challenging curriculum that makes identifying G/T students easier
3) Scholastic mentorship and preparation programs
Passion
Intense interest and personal commitment to an activity regarded as central to an individual
What are the two sections of the dualistic model of passion
1) Harmonious passion
2) Obsessive passion
Describe harmonious passion
1) Autonomous and free
2) Positive experiences
3) Flow is often experienced
*Activity allows for variety of experiences
Describe obsessive passion
1) Controlling and rigid
2) Negative experiences
3) May conflict with one’s identity and life
4) May lead to feelings of anxiety and shame
*Difficulty controlling urge to do this activity
