Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is nicotine? What is tobacco used for?
Nicotine has only one natural source—tobacco plant. Tobacco is used for smoking—cigarettes, cigars, or pipes
How toxic is nicotine?
As toxic as cyanide
Who discovered tobacco? Who had a monopoly on it?
Western Europeans discovered tobacco. Spanish had a monopoly
When was nicotine’s toxic properties discovered?
By 1860, it was accepted that it was not medicinal as nicotine’s toxic and addictive properties were discovered
What is the most common way to use tobacco?
Cigarettes are the most common way to use tobacco
When was smoking’s peak?
It’s “peak” is considered to be 1963 and has been in decline since.
Who are the highest percent of smokers?
People aged 18-25 represent the
highest percentages of smokers.
The ____ someone starts to smoke, the ____ it is for them to quit later.
The younger someone starts to smoke, the harder it is
for them to quit later.
What ages are more likely to use smokeless tobacco use?
Smokeless tobacco use: most popular among 18–25 year olds
What gender is 10% more likely to use smokeless tobacco?
men are 10 times more likely than women to use smokeless tobacco.
What is a cholinergic agonist that has biphasic actions?
Nicotine is a cholinergic agonist that has biphasic
(stimulant and depressant) actions.
What are the effects of acetylcholine (nicotine)?
Increases blood pressure, increases heart rate, stimulates the release of adrenalin, increases movement of GI tract, release of dopamine and seretonin
Where is nicotine readily absorbed through?
Readily absorbed through the oral, buccal, and nasal
mucosa; the gastrointestinal tract; and the lungs.
Where does nicotine absorb the fastest?
Absorption through the lungs is fastest.
What is post-inhalation?
nicotine reaches the brain in seven seconds; then is quickly distributed to other sites of action (peak levels at about 3- 5 minutes).
What is the primary organ for metabolizing nicotine?
Liver: primary organ for metabolizing nicotine.
How do you “eliminate” nicotine?
Elimination: mostly in urine; about 10-20% is eliminated unchanged
_____ to nicotine develops quickly. High ____ after a few
Tolerance to nicotine develops quickly. high tolerance even just after a few
Nicotine includes physical _____: a drop enough in ____ levels includes physical symptoms and only re-administration relieves them.
Nicotine induces physical dependence: a drop enough in blood levels induces physical symptoms and only re- administration relieves them
What are the acute effects of nicotine?
Increases body activity while resting, reduced activity in different neurons, initiates dilation, increases vomiting activity, decreases taste of (sweet) food
How does smoking kill?
the smoker’s chronic exposure to carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine in tobacco smoke.
How many deaths in the US per yr are attributed to smoking?
480,000 deaths each year in the United States are attributable to smoking
What is required on cigarette packaging per 1984 law?
Surgeon General text warning
What are the main 3 health problems causing culprits?
tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide
What does carbon monoxide specifically cause?
disease-causing
What does tar specifically cause?
Cancer-causing
What are major diseases linked to smoking?
heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, cancers of various types
What are major reasons for relapsing smoking?
smokers continue to crave nicotine long after they have stopped smoking.
