Chapter 6 Flashcards
What are stimulants?
Recreational and medicinal drugs that heighten mood, increase alertness, and decrease fatigue.
What two groups do we separate them by?
According to their legal and social status
What are some examples of controlled stimulants?
Cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin), and methcathinone (bath salts)
Where was the coca leaf found?
Bolivia, Argentina, Peru
How did the people back then use the coca leaf?
They chewed the leaves for multiple different purposes, common for religious ceremonies
What year was cocaine invented?
1850s
What was Freud first known for?
His writings on cocaine
When was the first epidemic of cocaine abuse? Why was it so easily available?
1880s, doctors prescribed it and it was available without prescription in patent medicines
What is formication?
A sensation of insects crawling over the skin
What was the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act?
When the public turned against cocaine because it started to causing psychosis, overdoses death, and severe addiction.
Why was cocaine so popular?
It was a popular ingredient in many remedies and tonics of the late 1800s.
What are amphetamines? When we’re they used?
Synthetic stimulant drugs first used for medical use in the 1920s but had been researched for a while. Widespread abuse in 1960s.
Where were amphetamines mainly abused? What was their street name?
Japan, Sweden, and parts of Europe after WWII. Speed is it’s street names & it caused stimulant psychosis.
When did cocaine make a comeback? Who used it?
1970s. Came back as a “natural” and “organic” drug. Considered a “rich people drug”
When did cocaine become more affordable?
1980s & 1990s. Frequently abused.
What is crack and when did it become more popular?
1986, inexpensive smokable form of cocaine.
Where was the cocaine coming from during the Cocaine War? What was the cocaine market controlled by?
It was coming from Latin America. It is now currently controlled by organized gangs.
When did meth make its comeback? Where and when did they spread?
1990s: regained popularity, spread from the West Coast and Hawaii to the East by 2005. Meth labs started popping up.
Where is 80% of used meth now from?
Mexico
What we’re bath salts originally used for?
Plant food, fertilizer.
Where were bath salts made?
Insecticide in Israel unknown till 2000s. Super popular in Europe.
What banned the two bath salts mephedrone and MDPV?
They caused widespread hospitalizations and overdoses.
How can bath salts be legally used?
When they are labeled “not for human consumption”
Are the affects of certain stimulants similar?
Yes, oral administration has fast absorption but the drug action and peak effect is lower than other methods. IV and smoking has intense effects within 30 seconds but doesn’t last as long.
How fast is cocaine metabolized?
Rapidly and has a short duration of action (20 to 80 minutes)
Do these certain stimulants cross the blood barrier?
Yes cocaine, Amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones all cross the blood barrier easily.
Why is cocaine so addictive?
It acts on the brain reward pathways, therefore making it addicting.
What were the effects of cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, and bath salts?
Physiological: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate
Behavioral: mood elevation, talkativeness
Why do students use stimulants? What is the problem with them?
They decrease fatigue and boredom. But they also cause state-dependent learning.
What is stimulant psychosis?
Paranoid delusions and disorientation
How can stimulants cause death?
Respiratory collapse, heart attack, or stroke.
What is acute tolerance?
It is a lesser physiological response after the first “hit” in cocaine
What is protracted tolerance?
a type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course of two or more drug administrations.
What is the term “crash” in relation to stimulants?
A phase of drug withdrawal that involves the deterioration in mood and energy that occurs when a psychoactive drug, typically a stimulant, clears from the blood in the bloodstream
What are primary symptoms of stimulant withdrawal?
Depression, anxiety, appetite problems, disruption of sleeping patterns, and intense cravings
What is anhedonia?
Inability to feel pleasure
Who found out that stimulants calmed overactive children?
In 1937, a physician named Charles Bradley found that stimulants calmed overactive children
