Chapter 7

Question 1

bipolar disorder

Answer 1

disorder marked by cycles between manic episodes and depressive episodes; also called manic-depression

Question 2

mania

Answer 2

state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, overenthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive actions

Question 3

depressive disorders

Answer 3

a set of disorders characterized by depressed mood and/or anhedonia (and not mania)

Question 4

major depressive disorder

Answer 4

disorder involving a sad mood or anhedonia plus four or more of the following symptoms: weight loss or a decrease in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or severe guilt, trouble concentrating, and suicidal ideation; these symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and must produce marked impairments in normal functioning

Question 5

dysphoria

Answer 5

an intense feeling of unease, discontent, or sadness

Question 6

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 6

disorder identified by a 2-year period in which a person experiences major depression during winter months and then recovers fully during the summer; some people with this disorder also experience mild mania during summer months

Question 7

peripartum onset

Answer 7

subtype of major depressive or manic episode used when the episode occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after childbirth

Question 8

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 8

a chronic form of depression with symptoms lasting for at least 2 years

Question 9

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 9

a set of symptoms occurring immediately prior to onset of menses characterized by a mixture of depression, anxiety and tension, and irritability and anger; may occur in mood swings during the week before onset of menses and subside once menses has begun

Question 10

Black box warning

Answer 10

a black box warning is the FDA’s most stringent warning for drugs and medical devices on the market which notify the public and health care providers to serious side effects, such as injury or death

Question 11

bipolar I disorder

Answer 11

form of bipolar disorder in which the full symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects may be more infrequent or mild

Question 12

bipolar II disorder

Answer 12

form of bipolar disorder in which only hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive component is more pronounced

Question 13

hypomania

Answer 13

state in which an individual shows mild symptoms of mania

Question 14

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 14

milder but more chronic form of bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years

Question 15

rapid cycling bipolar disorder

Answer 15

diagnosis given when a person has four or more cycles of mania and depression within 1 year

Question 16

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Answer 16

a disorder in children characterized by immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to a situation in intensity and duration

Question 17

monoamines

Answer 17

neurotransmitters, including catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) and serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood disorders

Question 18

norepinephrine

Answer 18

neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood

Question 19

serotonin

Answer 19

neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and impulsive responses

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

neurotransmitter in the brain, excess amounts of which have been thought to cause schizophrenia

Question 21

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Answer 21

three key components of the neuroendocrine system that work together in a feedback system interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

Question 22

behavioral theories of depression

Answer 22

theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement; sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself

Question 23

learned helplessness theory

Answer 23

view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events leads to a belief in one’s inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action

Question 24

negative cognitive triad

Answer 24

perspective seen in depressed people in which they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the future

Question 25

reformulated learned helplessness theory

Answer 25

view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than other people to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression

Question 26

rumination

Answer 26

focusing on one’s personal concerns and feelings of distress repetitively and passively

Question 27

interpersonal theories of depression

Answer 27

theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships

Question 28

Neuroinflammation

Answer 28

in­flammatory response within the brain or spinal cord that occurs in response to disease, injury, infection, or stress.

Question 29

rejection sensitivity

Answer 29

tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others

Question 30

cohort effect

Answer 30

effect that occurs when people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period

Question 31

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 31

class of antidepressant drugs

Question 32

selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 32

drugs that affect both the serotonin system and the norepinephrine system and are used to treat anxiety and depression

Question 33

norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors drugs

Answer 33

used to treat depression; inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 34

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 34

class of antidepressant drugs

Question 35

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 35

class of antidepressant drugs

Question 36

lithium

Answer 36

drug used to treat manic and depressive symptoms

Question 37

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 37

treatment for depression that involves the induction of a brain seizure by passing electrical current through the patient’s brain while he or she is anesthetized

Question 38

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 38

biological treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures in order to stimulate those structures

Question 39

vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)

Answer 39

treatment in which the vagus nerve—the part of the autonomic nervous system that carries information from the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen to several areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and amygdala—is stimulated by a small electronic device much like a cardiac pacemaker, which is surgically implanted under a patient’s skin in the left chest wall

Question 40

deep brain stimulation

Answer 40

procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas

Question 41

light therapy

Answer 41

treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright lights during the winter months

Question 42

behavioral therapy

Answer 42

therapy that focuses on changing a person’s specific behaviors by replacing unwanted behaviors with desired behaviors

Question 43

interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (ISRT)

Answer 43

treatment for people with bipolar disorder that helps them manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to try to prevent relapse

Question 44

family-focused therapy (FFT)

Answer 44

treatment for people with bipolar disorder in which patients and their families are given education about bipolar disorder and training in communication and problem-solving skills

Question 45

suicide

Answer 45

purposeful taking of one’s own life

Question 46

suicide attempts

Answer 46

behaviors engaged in with some intent to kill oneself

Question 47

suicidal ideation

Answer 47

thoughts about killing oneself

Question 48

nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 48

act of deliberately cutting, burning, puncturing, or otherwise significantly injuring one’s skin with no intent to die

Question 49

suicide cluster

Answer 49

when two or more suicides or attempted suicides nonrandomly occur closely together in space or time

Question 50

impulsivity

Answer 50

difficulty controlling behaviors; acting without thinking first

Question 51

hopelessness

Answer 51

sense that the future is bleak and there is no way to make it more positive