Chapter 5

Question 1

anxiety

Answer 1

state of apprehension, tension, and worry

Question 2

fight or flight

Answer 2

physiological changes in the human body that occur in response to a perceived threat, including the secretion of glucose, endorphins, and hormones as well as the elevation of heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, breathing, and muscle tension

Question 3

automatic nervous system

Answer 3

the part of the nervous system that controls bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

Question 4

adrenal-cortical system

Answer 4

the hormonal system situated in the adrenal cortex and activated by the hypothalamus, that responds to stress to determine fight-or-flight reactions

Question 5

panic attacks

Answer 5

short, intense periods during which an individual experiences physiological and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, characterized by intense fear and discomfort

Question 6

panic disorders

Answer 6

disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

Question 7

locus ceruleus

Answer 7

area of the brain stem that plays a part in the emergency response and may be involved in panic attacks

Question 8

anxiety sensitivity

Answer 8

belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences

Question 9

interoceptive awareness

Answer 9

sensitivity to stimuli arising from within the body, such as heart rate

Question 10

interoceptive conditioning

Answer 10

process by which symptoms of anxiety that have preceded panic attacks become the signals for new panic attacks

Question 11

conditioned avoidance response

Answer 11

behavior that is reinforced because it allows individuals to avoid situations that cause anxiety

Question 12

separation anxiety disorder

Answer 12

syndrome of childhood and adolescence marked by the presence of abnormal fear or worry over becoming separated from one’s caregiver(s) as well as clinging behaviors in the presence of the caregiver(s)

Question 13

behavioral inhibition

Answer 13

set of behavioral traits including shyness, fearfulness, irritability, cautiousness, and introversion; behaviorally inhibited children tend to avoid or withdraw from novel situations, are clingy with parents, and become excessively aroused when exposed to unfamiliar situations

Question 14

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 14

anxiety disorder characterized by chronic anxiety in daily life

Question 15

social anxiety disorder

Answer 15

an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences intense fear of public humiliation or rejection and therefore tends to avoid social situations

Question 16

specific phobias

Answer 16

extreme fears of specific objects or situations that cause an individual to routinely avoid those objects or situations

Question 17

animal-type phobias

Answer 17

extreme fears of specific animals that may induce immediate and intense panic attacks and cause the individual to go to great lengths to avoid the animals

Question 18

natural environment type phobias

Answer 18

extreme fears of events or situations in the natural environment that cause impairment in one’s ability to function normally

Question 19

situational type phobias

Answer 19

extreme fears of situations such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, flying, driving, or enclosed spaces

Question 20

blood-injection-injury type phobias

Answer 20

extreme fears of seeing blood or an injury or of receiving an injection or another invasive medical procedure, which cause a drop in heart rate and blood pressure and fainting

Question 21

agoraphobia

Answer 21

anxiety disorder characterized by fear of places and situations in which it would be difficult to escape, such as enclosed places, open spaces, and crowds

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

process in which people avoid being exposed to feared objects and their avoidance is reinforced by the subsequent reduction of their anxiety

Question 23

prepared classical conditioning

Answer 23

theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in ancient times

Question 24

applied tension technique

Answer 24

technique used to treat blood-injection-injury type phobias in which the therapist teaches the client to increase his or her blood pressure and heart rate, thus preventing the client from fainting

Question 25

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 25

anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) and compulsions (rituals)

Question 26

obsessions

Answer 26

uncontrollable, persistent thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that an individual feels intrude on his or her consciousness and that cause significant anxiety or distress

Question 27

compulsions

Answer 27

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform

Question 28

hoarding

Answer 28

a compulsive disorder characterized by the inability to throw away unneeded possessions (such as trash)

Question 29

hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania)

Answer 29

disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of the hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; these individuals report tension immediately before or while attempting to resist the impulse, and pleasure or relief when they are pulling out their hair (also known as trichotillomania)

Question 30

skin-picking disorder (excoriation)

Answer 30

a disorder characterized by recurrent picking at scabs or places on the skin, creating significant lesions that often become infected and cause scars

Question 31

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 31

an obsessive-compulsive disorder, characterized by excessive concern about physical appearance which results in significant distress and the impairment of interpersonal situations

Question 32

exposure and response prevention

Answer 32

type of therapy in which individuals with anxiety symptoms are exposed repeatedly to the focus of their anxiety but prevented from avoiding it or engaging in compulsive responses to the anxiety

Question 33

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 33

anxiety disorder characterized by (1) repeated mental images of experiencing a traumatic event, (2) emotional numbing and detachment, and (3) hypervigilance and chronic arousal

Question 34

acute stress disorder

Answer 34

disorder similar to posttraumatic stress disorder but occurs within 1 month of exposure to the stressor and does not last more than 4 weeks; often involves dissociative symptoms

Question 35

flashbacks

Answer 35

vivid, sensory experiences during which, a person may experience images, sounds, body sensations, tastes, or smells that mirror what they experienced during the traumatic moment

Question 36

PTSD with prominent dissociative (depersonalization/derealization) symptoms

Answer 36

a form of posttraumatic stress disorder in which the individual experiences feelings of being detached from their mental processes or body and of the unreality of the surroundings

Question 37

adjustment disorder

Answer 37

stress-related disorder that involves emotional and behavioral symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within 3 months of the onset of a stressor

Question 38

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Answer 38

trauma and stressor-related disorder that results from significant neglect and/or trauma. Affected children have difficulty forming emotional attachments to others, they are emotionally withdrawn and show little positive affect

Question 39

disinhibited social engagement disorder

Answer 39

an attachment condition characterized by difficulty forming emotional bonds with others and a lack of inhibition around strangers.

Question 40

cortisol

Answer 40

hormone that helps the body respond to stressors, inducing the fight-or-flight response

Question 41

stress-inoculation therapy

Answer 41

a form of cognitive-behavior therapy that focuses on developing skills that allow the individual to cope with stress