Chapter 7 117-124

Question 1

The London government struggled after 1763 to compel the Americans colonists to shoulder some of _______________________. This change in British colonial policy reinforced an emerging sense of American political identity and helped to precipitate the American Revolution.

Answer 1

The financial cost of the Empire

Question 2

The truth is that Americans were reluctant revolutionaries. Until late in the day, they sought only to claim the _______________.

Answer 2

Rights of Englishmen, not to separate from the mother country.

Question 3

In a broad sense, America was a revolutionary force from the day of its discovery by Europeans. The New World nurtured new ideas about the nature of ___________, ____________, and ____________.

Answer 3

Society, citizen, and government.

Question 4

Two ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonist by the mid-eighteenth century: ____________ and ____________.

Answer 4

Republicanism and radical Whig

Question 5

Republicanism is based on what two ancient republics?

Answer 5

Greek and Roman

Question 6

What is the definition of republicanism?

Answer 6

A just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry.

Question 7

In republicanism, both the ____________ and the ____________ depended on the virtue of the citizenry.

Answer 7

stability of society and the authority of government

Question 8

By its very nature, republicanism was opposed to ____________ and ____________ such as aristocracy and monarchy.

Answer 8

Hierarchical and authoritarian institutions

Question 9

What is a radical Whig?

Answer 9

A group of British political commentators who feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers.

Question 10

The Whigs mounted withering attacks on the use of ____________ and ____________ by the king’s ministers - symptoms of a wider moral failure in society that they called corruption.

Answer 10

Patronage and brides

Question 11

Distance weakens ____________. Great distance weakens ____________ _____________.

Answer 11

Authority and authority greatly

Question 12

Britian’s empire was acquired in a ____________ and old saying goes and there is much truth in the jest.

Answer 12

Fit of absentmindedness

Question 13

Only one of the thirteen original colonies that was formally planted by the British government?

Answer 13

Georgia

Question 14

Other than Georgia, all of the thirteen colonies were haphazardly established by ____________, ____________, or ____________.

Answer 14

Trading companies, religious groups, or land speculators.

Question 15

The British authorities embraced a theory called ____________ that justified their control over the colonies.

Answer 15

Mercantilism

Question 16

Merchantilist believed that __________ was power and that a country’s economic wealth (hence its military and political power) could be measured by the amounts of gold or silver in its treasury.

Answer 16

wealth

Question 17

How to amass gold and silver?

Answer 17

To amass gold and silver, a country needed to export more than it imported.

Question 18

Two distinct advantages of having colonies?

Answer 18

1. colonies could supply raw materials to the mother country and 2. colonies provided a guaranteed market for exports.

Question 19

First merchantilist law passed by English parliament to protect American trade?

Answer 19

The Dutch Navigation Law of 1650. A law aimed to prevent Dutch shippers from profiting from American trade. Thereafter all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British vessels.

Question 20

British policy also inflicted a __________ shortage on the colonies. Because the colonist purchased more from Britain than they sold there, the difference had to be made up with gold and silver.

Answer 20

currency

Question 21

To facilitate everyday purchases during currency shortages, colonist resorted to bartering with _________________.

Answer 21

butter, nails, pitch, and feathers

Question 22

Currency issues came to a boil when dire financial needs forced many of the colonist to issue ____________ which swiftly depreciated.

Answer 22

paper currency

Question 23

The British crown reserved the right to __________ any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if such laws worked mischief with the mercantilist system. The royal veto was used sparingly but was fiercely resented by the colonist.

Answer 23

nullify

Question 24

In theory, the British mercantile system seemed thoroughly selfish and deliberately oppressive. But the truth is that until 1763, the various Navigation Laws imposed no intolerable burden, mainly because they were only ____________.

Answer 24

loosely enforced.

Question 25

Americans reaped direct benefits from the mercantile system. Name several examples:

Answer 25

1. London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts. 2. Virginia tobacco planters enjoyed a monopoly in the British market. 3. The colonist benefited from the protections of the world’s mightiest navy and seasoned army.

Question 26

But even when painted in its rosiest colors, the mercantile system burdened the colonist with annoying liabilities. Name several examples.

Answer 26

1. stifled economic initiatives, 2. imposed a rankling dependency on British agents and creditors and 3. most Americans simply found the mercantilist system debasing.

Question 27

Victory flushed Britain emerged from the ___________ holding one of the biggest empires in the world but also having the biggest debt, about half of which had been incurred defending the American colonies.

Answer 27

Seven Years’ War

Question 28

_____________ first aroused the resentment of the colonist in 1763 by ordering the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws.

Answer 28

Prime Minister George Grenville

Question 29

Prime Minister George Grenville, secured the _________ of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown.

Answer 29

Sugar Act

Question 30

The ____________, among various provisions, increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. After bitter protest from the colonist, the duties were lowered substantially and the agitation died down.

Answer 30

Sugar Act

Question 31

What is the Quartering Act of 1765?

Answer 31

A law passed by Parliament that required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Question 32

What is the Stamp Act of 1765?

Answer 32

A tax to raise revenues to support the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper of the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax. Stamps were required on bill of sales for about 50 items and on other types of commercial and legal documents.

Question 33

Grenville regarded all of the taxes as __________ and _________. He was simply asking the Americans to pay a fair share of the costs for their own defense, through taxes that were already familiar in Britain. In fact, the British people for 2 generations had endured a stamp tax far heavier than that passed for the colonies.

Answer 33

reasonable and fair

Question 34

Both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act provided for trying the offenders in the _______________. where juries were not allowed.

Answer 34

Admiralty courts

Question 35

In the admiralty courts, the burden of proof was on the defendants, who were assumed to be guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent. ________________ and ____________ were ancient privileges that British people everywhere including the American colonist held most dear.

Answer 35

Trial by jury and innocent until proven guilty

Question 36

No taxation without ___________.

Answer 36

Representation

Question 37

The Americans made a distinction between __________ and __________.

Answer 37

Legislation and Taxation. Americans conceded the right of Parliament to legislate about matters that affected the entire empire including the legislation of trade. But they steadfastly denied the right of Parliament, in which no Americans were seated, to impose taxes on Americans.

Question 38

What is virtual representation?

Answer 38

Grenville’s response to the Americans that they did not have American representation in Parliament. He stated that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, eve those Americans who never voted for a member of Parliament.

Question 39

What is the Stamp Act Congress of 1765?

Answer 39

The most conspicuous assembly which brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from nine colonies. After dignified debate that members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act.

Question 40

More effective than the Stamp Act Congress was the adoption of ____________ against British goods.

Answer 40

nonimportation agreements.

Question 41

What is a nonimportation agreement?

Answer 41

Nonimportation agreements were in fact a promising stride toward colonial union; they spontaneously united Americans for the first time under a common action. Do not import goods from England.

Question 42

Groups of ardent spirits that took the law into their own hands. Known for the battle cry Liberty, Property and No Stamps!. Enforcers of the nonimportation agreements and would tar and feather violators.

Answer 42

Son of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty.

Question 43

Nonimportation agreements hit England hard. At the time, America bought ____ of all British exports and _____ of the British shipping was devoted to the Americas.

Answer 43

one-quarter and one-half

Question 44

Did Parliament repeal the Stamp Act?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Having withdrawn the Stamp Act, Parliament in virtually the same breath provocatively passed the ______________. reaffirming Parliament’s right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.

Answer 45

Declaratory Act

Question 46

With the Declaratory Act, the British government thereby drew its line in the sand. It defined the constitutional principle it would not yield: _________ and __________ sovereignty over its North American colonies.

Answer 46

absolute and unqualified

Question 47

Rashly promised to pluck the feathers from the colonial goose with minimal squawking.

Answer 47

Charles Townshend

Question 48

Parliament passed the ____________ that imposed new regulations including a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea.

Answer 48

Townshend Acts

Question 49

After passing the Townshend Acts, Parliament suspended the legislature of ______________ in 1767 for failure to comply with the Quartering Act.

Answer 49

New York.

Question 50

Way Americans got around the Townshend Act regarding tea; especially in Massachusetts.

Answer 50

Smugglers.

Question 51

What is the Boston Massacre?

Answer 51

A clash between about 60 Bostonians and 10 British soldiers. Being taunted, the soldiers opened fire on the Bostonians killing or wounding 11 citizens. One of the first o die was Crispus Attucks, a leader of the mob.

Question 52

Defended the soldiers from the Boston Massacre?

Answer 52

Former president John Adam,

Question 53

Master propagandist and engineer of rebellion. Unimpressive in appearance (hands trembled), he lived and breathed only for politics. Zealous, tenacious an courageous, he was ultrasensitive to infractions of colonial rights.

Answer 53

Samuel Adams (like the beer)

Question 54

Samuel Adams contributed to the establishment of the local _____________ in Massachusetts. First one was created in Boston but 80 other towns established.

Answer 54

Committees of correspondence

Question 55

What was the chief function of the Committees of Correspondence?

Answer 55

The chief function of the Committees of Correspondence was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and this keep alive opposition to British policy.

Question 56

First intercolonial committee of correspondence was established as a standing committee of the House of Burgesses in _____________.

Answer 56

Virginia

Question 57

The intercolonial committee of correspondence groups were supremely significant in stimulating and disseminating sentiment in favor of united action. They evolved directly into the first American ________.

Answer 57

Congress.