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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The two key moods involved in mood disorders are:

A

depression, mania

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2
Q

– Depression:

A

involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and

dejection

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3
Q

– Mania:

A

often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria

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4
Q

Unipolar depressive disorder:

A

a person experiences

only depressive episodes

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5
Q

• Bipolar disorder:

A

a person experiences both depressive

and manic episodes

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6
Q

– Depressive episode:

A

when a person is markedly depressed or

loses interest in formerly pleasurable activities for at least 2 weeks

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7
Q

– Manic episode:

A

markedly elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

for at least 4 days

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8
Q

▪ Hypomanic episode:

A

abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable

mood for at least 4 days; the person must also have at least 3 other symptoms similar to those involved in mania

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9
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

• Diagnostic criteria for MDD require that a person must
be in a major depressive episode and never had a
manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode
Unipolar Depressive Disorder

recurrent disorder
Onset of unipolar depressive disorders most often
occurs during late adolescence up to middle adulthood Incidence of depression rises sharply during adolescence

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10
Q

Recurrence:

A

the onset of a new episode of depression

– Occurs in about 40-50 percent of people who experience a depressive episode

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11
Q

Relapse:

A

the return of symptoms within a fairly short

period of time

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12
Q

Specifiers:

A

different patterns of symptoms or features

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13
Q

• Major depressive episode with melancholic features:

A

includes loss of interest, not reacting to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events

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14
Q

• Severe major depressive episode with psychotic features:

A

depression is accompanied by psychotic symptoms

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15
Q

• Major depressive episode with catatonic features

A

includes a range of psychomotor symptoms

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16
Q

• Criteria for recurrent major depressive episode with a

seasonal pattern

A

(seasonal affective disorder) include at

least 2 episodes of depression in the past 2 years at the same time of year

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17
Q

POSTPARTUM “BLUES”

A

• Symptoms include changeable mood, crying easily,
sadness, and irritability, often intermixed with happy
feelings
• Symptoms occur in up to 50-70 percent of women within 10 days of giving birth
• Postpartum Depression (different)

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18
Q

unipolar mood disorders GENETIC INFLUENCES

A

• Family studies have shown that the prevalence of mood
disorders is about 2-3 times higher among blood
relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar
depression
• One candidate for a specific gene that might be
implicated is the serotonin-transporter gene
– Involved in the transmission and reuptake of serotonin
– One of the key transmitters involved in depression

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19
Q

causal factors unipolar mood disorders ABNORMALITIES OF HORMONAL REGULATORY AND
IMMUNE SYSTEM

A

• Majority of attention has been focused on the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
– Recent evidence suggests that dexamethasone nonsuppression may
be a general indicator of mental stress rather than specific to depression
• The other endocrine axis relevant to depression is the
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
– Drugs used to increase thyroid hormone and lower depression in people who show dysregulation of this axis

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20
Q

BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR SEX DIFFERENCES

A

• hormonal factors such as normal fluctuations in ovarian
hormones for sex differences in depression
– inconsistent results
• women have a greater genetic vulnerability?
– Inconsistent results

21
Q

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES depression

A

• Depression occurs when an individual’s response no
longer produce positive reinforcement or when the rate
of negative reinforcement increases

22
Q

BECK’S COGNITIVE THEORY

A

• Beck hypothesized that the cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms, rather than vice versa
• Underlying dysfunctional beliefs, known as depressogenic schemas, are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive
• The negative cognitive triad includes negative thoughts
about the self, the world, and the future
• Research conducted to test Beck’s theory has generated a very effective form of treatment for depression known as cognitive therapy

23
Q

INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS OF MOOD DISORDERS

A

• Lack of Social Support and Social-Skills Deficits
– Many studies support that people who are lonely, isolated, or lacking
support are more vulnerable to becoming depressed
• The Effects of Depression on Others
– Depressive behaviour can elicit negative feelings and rejection in other
people, including strangers, roommates, and spouses
• Marriage and Family Life
– High correlation between marital dissatisfaction and depression for
both women and men
– Marital distress increases relapse for depression
– Parental depression puts children at high risk for depression

24
Q

Bipolar disorders are distinguished from unipolar

disorders by

A

the presence of manic or hypomanic

episodes

25
Q

Cyclothymic disorder:

A

the repeated experience of
hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least 2 years
• Less serious version of bipolar disorder—lacks the
extreme mood and behaviour changes

26
Q

Bipolar I

A

Person has full-blown mania.
• Person experiences episodes of mania and periods of depression. Even if the
periods of depression do not reach the threshold for a major depressive
episode, the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder is still given.

27
Q

Bipolar II:

A

• Person experiences periods of hypomania, but his or her symptoms are below
the threshold for full-blown mania.
• Person experiences periods of depressed mood that meet the criteria for major
depression.

28
Q

Biological Causal Factors bipolar disorder

genetic influences

A

• Genes account for about 80-90 percent of the variance
in the liability to develop bipolar I disorder
• Efforts to locate the chromosomal site(s) of the
implicated genes suggest that it is polygenic

29
Q

NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS

Biological Causal Factors bipolar disorder

A

• Increased levels of dopamine may be related to manic
symptoms
• Serotonin activity appears to be low in both depressive
and manic phases

30
Q

hormonal FACTORS

Biological Causal Factors bipolar disorder

A

ABNORMALITIES OF HORMONAL REGULATORY
SYSTEMS
• Cortisol levels are elevated in bipolar depression, but not
usually during manic episodes
• Many bipolar patients have abnormalities in the
functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
• Thyroid hormone can precipitate manic episodes in
patients with bipolar disorder

31
Q

bipolar: SLEEP AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS

A

• Patients with bipolar disorder tend to sleep very little during
manic episodes
• In depressed states, patients tend toward hypersomnia (too
much sleep)

32
Q

Psychological Causal Factors

bipolar

A

STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
• May influence the onset of episodes by activating underlying
vulnerability
OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN BIPOLAR
DEPRESSION
• People with low social support show more depressive
recurrences
• Neuroticism has been associated with symptoms of
depression and mania

33
Q

Pharmacotherapy start

A

• 1950s: first category of antidepressants is the
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Drug treatment of choice from the 1960s-early 90s was
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
• The side effects of TCAs have led to the prescribing of
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

34
Q

today treating mood disorders drugs

A

THE COURSE OF TREATMENT WITH
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
• Drugs usually require 3-5 weeks to take effect
• About 50 percent of patients don’t respond to the first drug prescribed
• Discontinuing a drug when symptoms have remitted may
result in relapse
LITHIUM AND OTHER MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS
• Lithium has been widely studied to treat manic episodes
• Anticonvulsants are often effective in those who do not respond well to lithium

35
Q

Alternative Biological Treatments

A

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

36
Q

ECT

A

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often used in patients
who are severely depressed and may be at an immediate
suicidal risk
• Most common side effects are confusion, amnesia, and
slowed response time

37
Q

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

A

• Explored as a treatment approach for individuals with
refractory depression who have not responded to other
treatments
• Involves implanting an electrode in the brain and then
stimulating that area with an electrical current

38
Q

BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY

A

• Originally used in the treatment of seasonal affective
disorder
• Now been shown to be effective in nonseasonal
depressions

39
Q

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION

A

• Noninvasive technique allowing focal stimulation of the brain in
patients who are awake
• Many studies have shown that TMS is more effective than antidepressants, and without the side effects of ECT

40
Q

Psychotherapy for mood disorders

A

CBT, BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION TREATMENT, INTERPERSONAL THERAPY

41
Q

BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION TREATMENT

A

• Behavioral activation treatment is a relatively new and
promising treatment for unipolar depression
• Goals are to increase levels of positive reinforcement and to
reduce avoidance and withdrawal

42
Q

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

A

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (cognitive therapy) focuses
on here-and-now-problems
• Teaches people to systematically evaluate their dysfunctional
beliefs and negative automatic thoughts

43
Q

INTERPERSONAL THERAPY

A

• Interpersonal therapy (IPT) has not yet been as extensively
studied or used as CBT, or as widely available
– Focuses on current relationship issues, trying to help the person
understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns

44
Q

FAMILY AND MARITAL THERAPY

A

• Marital therapy is as effective as cognitive therapy in reducing unipolar depression in a depressed spouse

45
Q

suicide

A

Depression is the disorder most commonly linked with
suicidal behavior
Important to distinguish suicidal behaviors from
nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

46
Q

NSSI

A

nonsuicidal self-injury. Refers to direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the
absence of any intent to die

47
Q

suicide stats

A

Women are significantly more likely than men to think
about suicide and to make nonlethal suicide attempts
– Men are four times more likely to die by suicide than women
• Suicidal thoughts and behaviors increase in prevalence
starting around age 12 and continue to increase into the
early to mid 20s
• The suicide rate for white men in the U.S. shows a
dramatic increase at age 75

48
Q

Crisis Intervention

A

• Primary objective of crisis intervention is to help a person
cope with an immediate problem as quickly as possible

49
Q

Suicide Prevention and Intervention

A

Focus on High-Risk Groups and Other Measures
• A recent study found that cognitive therapy is quite
beneficial for reducing the risk of suicide attempts in
adults who had already made at least one prior attempt
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention is
also feasible for use with adolescents who have
attempted suicide

Abnormal Psychology (7 decks)

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