Chapter 2

Question 1

Observational Approaches

Answer 1

Collecting information without asking participants for it directly.

Question 2

Direct observation:

Answer 2

outward behavior is recorded by trained observers. Biological variables can also be observed via technologically advanced methods

Question 3

biological observation is done thru…

Answer 3

–Brain imaging (fMRI), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 4

Reactivity

Answer 4

Reactivity is when people respond they way they think you want them to instead of being honest

Dishonesty might be bc of social discomfort or wanting to look better etc, someone might not be self aware…

Concern with self report methods

Question 5

Case Studies

Answer 5

Detailed accounts of individual patient behavior
Based on observation
subject to bias, Conclusions have low generalizability.

Can provide insights into unusual/rare clinical conditions and serve as a stimulus for research

Question 6

how is researcher bias generated in case studies:

Answer 6

writer decides what to include and omit. •

Question 7

purpose of experimental research

Answer 7

Experimental research allows researchers to draw conclusions about causality and resolve questions of directionality
Scientists control all factors except IV
Actively manipulate IV
If DV changes as IV changes, it is regarded as cause of outcome

Question 8

Standard treatment comparison study

Answer 8

alternative in which two (or more) treatments are compared in differing yet comparable groups

Question 9

Double-blind study:

Answer 9

neither the subjects nor the experimenters know who is in the control group

Question 10

Placebo treatment:

Answer 10

participants are given a treatment with no effect

Question 11

Whom should researchers include in a study?

Answer 11

This is sampling. Study group should mirror underlying population in all important ways, or the study won’t be generalizable to the population. Large, randomly selected groups are ideal; erroneous conclusions can emerge from faulty sampling

Question 12

Sampling:

Answer 12

the careful selection of people representative of a much larger group (a subgroup) for close study.

Question 13

Sampling bias

Answer 13

Finding participants can be difficult
Research often uses samples of convenience (easily accessible subjects)
Creates bias bc those people were more likely to be selected

Question 14

Effect size

Answer 14

reflects the size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size.
Effect size = 0 means there is no association between the variables.
/strength of the effect

Question 15

Statistical vs. Clinical significance

Answer 15

ie a treatment can be statistically significant (ie ALWAYS makes a difference) but that difference might be tiny and changes based on sample size. isn’t important/enough/won’t make a difference in clinical world

So re effect size there can be a statistical difference: it makes a difference, there is an effect, the likelihood of that event happening by chance is close to nil

But it’s not clinically significant, not a large effect size (example: a medication that ALWAYS lowers blood pressure (ie statistically proven to lower blood pressure)) but only lowers it by .01%)

Question 16

early beliefs on abn behavior

Answer 16

Early chinese, egyptian, hebrew and greek writings attribute abnormal behavior to possession by demon or god
Someone whose symptoms had religious/mystical significance was considered to be possessed by good spirit or god; respected for their supernatural powers
A person engaged in behavior contrary to religious teachings was thought to be possessed by an angry god or an evil spirit; typically subjected to exorcism to remove demonic possession. Exorcism techniques included magic, prayer, incantation, noisemaking, and use of horrible-tasting concoctions

Question 17

Hippocrates

Answer 17

Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 B.C., “father of modern medicine”) contributed to shift in understanding of mental disorders as natural, not supernatural, in origin
Believed mental disorders are due to brain pathology
Emphasized importance of heredity and predisposition
Classified mental disorders 3 ways based on detailed clinical observations: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever)

Question 18

middle ages perspective

Answer 18

Islamic Middle Eastern countries preserved scientific aspects of Greek medicine
First mental hospital established in Baghdad in 792; provided humane treatment
Middle Ages in Europe mostly devoid of scientific thinking and humane treatment for the mentally ill, exorcisms were sometimes combined with poorly understood medical treatments. During later Middle Ages and early Renaissance, superstitious beliefs hindering the understanding and treatment of mental disorders began to be challenged
Scientific questioning reemerged; Humanism, a movement emphasizing human interests
and concerns, began

Question 19

Asylums

Answer 19

places dedicated solely to care of people with

mental illness—were first established in 16th century to remove troublesome individuals from the community.

Question 20

Humanitarian Reform

Answer 20

Philippe Pinel (1745–1826): French physician
In 1792, removed chains from mental patients with positive results—showed benefit of treating them as sick people, not beasts or criminals
William Tuke (1732–1822): English Quaker
Established York Retreat country house for patients with mental illness–
Inspired Samuel Hitch to introduce trained medical staff at asylum
Inspired Thomas Wakley to help pass the
Lunacy Inquiry Act: asylums had to be inspected regularly to ensure proper diet, no use of restraints
Country Asylums Act (England, 1845): every county required to provide asylum to “paupers and lunatics”

Question 21

Early 1800s in America:

Answer 21

widespread growth of moral management based on work of Pinel and Tuke
Wide-ranging method of treatment focusing on patients’ social, individual and occupational needs and moral/spiritual development
Surprisingly effective

Mental Hygiene Movement
Dorothea Dix (1802–1887): a New Englander who
championed the poor and “forgotten” people of prisons
and other facilities for the mentally ill

Efforts led to the mental hygiene movement advocating treatment focused on hospitalized patients’ physical well-being

Question 22

20th century:

Answer 22

public mental hospitals common
Housed 400,000 patients by 1940
Mental hospital stays typically long

1960s: recognition of need for reform
Community Mental Health Act of 1963 established outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital facilities, community programs
Late 20th century:
Introduction of effective medications such as antipsychotics, mood stabilizers
Deinstitutionalization movement to close mental hospitals
Well-intentioned but had unforeseen consequences to both patients and communities (e.g., increased homelessness)

Four major advances in the 19th & 20th centuries changed how abnormal behavior was viewed and treated

Question 23

Four major advances in the 19th & 20th centuries changed how abnormal behavior was viewed and treated

Answer 23

Biological discoveries
Development of an agreed-upon classification system for mental disorders
Emergence of scientifically informed views about the causes of abnormal behavior
Emergence of experimental psychology

Question 24

how is clinical research done

Answer 24

is often a mix of observational and self-report methods

Question 25

basic history go

Answer 25

it went from patients being treated like demons and witches and exorcism to get rid of disorders to the establishment of mental hospitals but inhumane and then moral management and then to the establishment of medicine and the link between brain pathology and mental disorders and the link between physical and mental disorders