1
Q
vitamins
A
- organic compounds that are vital to life and indispensable to body functions but that are needed only in minute amounts, essential, non caloric nutrients.
2
Q
Precursors
A
compounds that serve as starting material for other compounds. In nutrition, vitamin precursors are compounds that can be converted into active vitamins. (provitamins)
3
Q
Fat-Soluable Vitamins
A
- absorbed into the lymph
- travel in the blood and within the cells in association with protein carriers
- can be stored in the liver or with other lipids in fatty tissues, some can build up to toxic concentrations.
- A, D, E, K
4
Q
Water-Soluable Vitamins
A
- absorbed directly into the bloodstream and excreted from the body easily
- travel freely
- excesses are excreted in the urine
- C, B vitamins
- foods that supply them must be consumed frequently
5
Q
Vitamin A
A
- fat-soluable
- pre-cursor is beta-carotene
- 3 forms active in body (retinol stored in liver), (retinal), and (retinoid acid).
- gene expression, vision, maintenance of body linings/ skin, immune defenses, growth of the body.
- sustains normal eyesight
6
Q
cornea
A
- transparent, hard outer covering of the front of the eye
7
Q
retina
A
- layer of light-sensitive nerve cells lining the back of the inside of the eye
8
Q
rhodopsin
A
- light-sensitive pigment of the cells lining the back of the inside of the eye
9
Q
night blindness
A
- show recovery of vision after exposure to flashes of bright light at night, an early symptom of vitamin A deficiencies.
10
Q
keratin
A
- the normal protein of hair and nails
11
Q
keratinization
A
accumulation of keratin in a tissue
12
Q
xerosis
A
drying of the cornea; symptom of vitamin A deficiency
13
Q
xerophthalmia
A
- progressive hardening of the cornea of the eye in advanced vitamin A deficiency that can lead to blindness.
14
Q
epithelial tissue
A
- layers of the body that serve as selective barriers to environmental factors (cornea, skin, respiratory tract lining, lining of the digestive tract)
15
Q
cell differentiation
A
- process by which immature cells are stimulated to mature and gain the ability to perform functions characteristic of their cell type.
16
Q
Vitamin A Foods
A
- cheese
- eggs
- milk
- yogurt
- liver
- fortified cereals
- foods of animal origin
- fish oil
- butter
17
Q
Vitamin A Recommendations
A
- women 700 micrograms
- men 900 micrograms
- UL 3,000 micrograms/ day
- stored in the tissues, you need not consume everyday
18
Q
Beta-Carotene
A
- dietary antioxidants
- bright orange food
- carrots
- sweet potatoes
- pumpkins
- mango
- cantaloupe
- apricots
- spinach, broccoli, dark green color vegetables
19
Q
dietary antioxidants
A
- compounds typically fond in plant foods that counteract the adverse effects of oxidation on living tissue.
- vitamin E, C, beta-carotene
20
Q
carotenoids
A
- members of a group of pigments in foods that range in color form light yellow to reddish orange are are chemical relatives of beta-carotene
21
Q
muscular degeneration
A
- common, progressive loss of function of the part of the retina that is most crucial to focused vision.
- degeneration often leads to blindness.
22
Q
Vitamin D
A
- calcium regulation
- chemical transformation in liver/ kidneys
- nutrients and hormones that interact to regulate blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations maintain bone integrity
- functions as a hormone
- affect how cells grow, multiply, differentiate
- hair follicles, reproductive cells, cells to immune system
23
Q
rickets
A
- Vitamin D deficiency disease in children
- abnormal growth of the bone and manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees, outward-bowed chest deformity (pigeon chest), knobs on ribs
24
Q
osteomalacia
A
- adult expression of vitamin D deficiency
- possible painful joints (often misdiagnosed arthritis)
- overabundance of unmineralized bone protein
- bending of the spine and bowing of the legs.
- bones are increasingly soft, flexible, weak, deformed
25
Who's at risk for low vitamin D
- anyone with restriction intakes of fish/ dairy foods
- strict vegetarians
- people with milk allergies/ lactose intolerance
- people living in northern areas of north america
- anyone lacking exposure to sunlight
- dark skinned people
- overweight children/ adults in US
26
Too much Vitamin D
- collects in soft tissues and damage them
- kidney and heart function decline
- blood calcium out of control
- kidneys and heart failure
27
Vitamin D sources
- sardines
- enriched cereal
- salmon/ mackerel
- sunlight
- cod-liver oil
- fortified milk
- tuna
28
tocopherol
kind of alcohol, active form of vitamin E is alpha- tocopherol
29
free radicals
- atoms/ molecules with one or more unpaired electrons that make the atom or molecule unstable and highly reactive
30
oxidative stress
- theory of disease caution involving cell and tissue damage that arises when free radical reaction exceed the capacity of antioxidants to quench them.
31
Vitamin E
- bodyguard against oxidative damage
- low amounts result in free radical formed during normal cell metabolism run amok creating inflammation and cell damage
- blood vessel linings, sensitive brain tissues, bones, red blood cell membranes depend on Vitamin E
32
Vitamin E Recommendation
- 15 milligrams/ day adults
33
erythrocyte hemolysis
- rupture of the red blood cells that can be caused by vitamin E deficiency. The anemia produced by the condition is hemolytic anemia.
34
Vitamin E Sources
- vegetable oils
- maragine/ salad dressings
- wheat germ oil
- sunflower seeds
- mayonnaise
- canola oil
- safflower oil
35
Vitamin K
- help activates proteins that help clot the blood.
36
Vitamin K requirements
- women 90 micrograms/ day
| - men 120 micrograms/ day
37
Vitamin K Sources
- dark green, leafy vegetables
- cooked spinach, lettuce, broccoli, brussels sprouts
- protein family, soybeans, green/ black-eyed peas, split pea soup
38
Vitamin C
- maintains connective tissues (bones, teeth, skin, tendons) and is an antioxidant
- enzymes, protein collagen depend on vitamin C
- helps to transport fatty acids within the cells
- haps in the creation of certain hormones
39
scurvy
- vitamin C deficiency disease
40
ascorbic acid
- one of the active forms of vitamin C an antioxidant nutrient
41
collagen
- chief protein of most connective tissues, scars, ligaments, tendons, underlying matrix of bones and teeth.
42
Vitamin C Deficiency Symptoms
- breakdown of collagen
- loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness to touch, weakness, bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen ankles/ wrists, tiny red spots in the skin
- anemia
- Those at risk are those who smoke or have low incomes.
43
Vitamin C Recommendations
- Men need 90 milligrams, women need 75 milligrams
44
Vitamin C Sources
- red bell pepper
- orange juice
- brussel sprouts
- grapefruit
- sweet potato
- bok choy
- strawberries
- broccoli
- green pepper
- white potatoes
45
Coenzyme
- small molecule that works with an enzyme to promote the enzymes' activity
- coenzymes have B vitamins as part of their structure
46
B Vitamins
- function as parts of coenzymes
- help to metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids
- help body to use fuel of carbs, fat, protein
- helps cells multiply (red blood cells, lining of digestive tract
- helps amino acids synthesize proteins to (build new tissue, make hormones, fight infections, serve as fuel for energy)
47
Vitamin B Deficiency symptoms
- nausea
- severe exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, loss of appetite/ weight, pain in muscles
- impairment of immune response, loss of control of limbs, abnormal heart action, skin problems, swollen red tongue
- cracked skin at the corners of the mouth, teary or bloodshot eyes
48
Thiamin
- plays a role in energy metabolism of all cells
- in cell membranes
- nerve processes their responding tissues and muscles all depend on Thiamin
- B vitamin involved in the body's use of fuels
49
Beriberi
- thiamin- dificiency disease
| - characterized by loss of sensation in the hands and feed, muscular weakness, advancing analysis, abnormal heart action
50
Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome
- cluster of symptoms involving nerve damage arising from a deficiency of the vitamin thiamin in alcoholism.
- characterized by mental confusion, disorientation, memory loss, jerky eye movements, staggering gait.
51
Thiamin Sources
- enriched pasta
- pork chop
- green peas
- waffle
- wheat bagel
- enriched cereal
- sunflower seeds
- baked potato
- black beans
52
Riboflavin Sources
- beef liver
- cottage cheese
- enriched cereal
- spinach
- milk
- yogurt
- pork chop
- mushrooms
53
Thiamin Recommendation
- Men 1.2 milligrams/ day
| - women 1.1 milligrams/ day
54
Niacin
- B vitamin needed in energy metabolism.
| - Niacin can be eaten preformed or made in the body from tryptophan, one of the amino acids.
55
pellagra
- the niacin-deficiency disease
| - symptoms include "4 D's", diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
56
Niacin Equivalents (NE)
- the amount of niacin present in food, including the niacin that can theoretically be made from its precursor tryptophan that is present in the food.
57
riboflavin
- B vitamin active in the body's energy-releasing mechanisms.
58
folate
- B vitamin that acts as part of a coenzyme important in the manufacture of new cells.
- the form added to foods and supplements is folic acid.
59
neural tube defects
- abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord apparent at birth and associated with low folate intake in women before and during pregnancy.
- the neural tube is the earliest brain and spinal cord structure formed during gestation.
60
subclinical deficiency
a nutrient deficiency that has no outward clinical symptoms.
61
dietary folate equivalent (DFE)
- unit of measure expressing the amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources.
- The measure mathematically equalizes the difference in absorption between less absorbable food folate and highly absorbable synthetic folate (folic acid) added to enriched foods and found in supplements.
62
Vitamin B12
- B vitamin that helps to convert folate to its active form and also helps to maintain the sheath around nerve cells. The vitamin's scientific name, not often used, is cyanocobalamin.
63
intrinsic factor
- factor made by the stomach that is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 and prevention of pernicious anemia.
64
pernicious anemia
- vitamin B12 deficiency disease, caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by large, immature red blood cells and damage to the nervous system (pernicious means "highly injurious or destructive").
65
vitamin B6
- B vitamin needed in protein metabolism.
| - Its three active forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxine.
66
serotonin
- a neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and mood regulation, among other roles.
- serotonin is synthesized in the body from the amino acid tryptophan with the help of vitamin B6.
67
biotin
- B vitamin, a coenzyme necessary for fat synthesis and other metabolic reactions.
68
pantothenic acid
- B vitamin and part of a critical coenzyme needed in energy metabolism, among other roles.
69
choline
- a nutrient used to make the phospholipid lecithin and other molecules.
70
carnitine
nonessential nutrient that functions in cellular activities
71
inositol
nonessential nutrient found in cell membranes
72
lipoid acid
- a nonessential nutrient
73
Riboflavin sources
- beef liver
- cottage cheese
- enriched cereal
- spinach
- milk
- yogurt
- pork chops
- mushrooms
74
Excess amounts of Niacin results in...
- liver injury, digestive upset, impaired glucose tolerance, serious infection, muscle weakness, vision disturbances.
75
Niacin Sources
- chicken breast
- pork chop
- baked potato
- tuna
- enriched cereal
- mushrooms
76
Folate
- helps to synthesize DNA
| - participates in the metabolism of vitamin B12 and several amino acids
77
Folate deficiencies lead to...
- anemia
- impaired immunity
- abnormal digestive function
78
Folate DRI
adults - 400 micrograms/ day
79
Folate Sources
- leafy green vegetables
- spinach
- turnips greens
- legumes
- asparagus
- beef liver
- pinto beans
- asparagus
- avocado
- lentils
- beets
80
Folate or B12 Deficiencies
- large immature red blood cells
- damaged nerve sheaths
- creeping paralysis
- general malfunctioning of nerves and muscles
- worsening dementia
81
Vitamin B12 Malabsorption
- the stomach produces lift acid to liberate vitamin B12 from food
- intrinsic factor compound made by the stomach and needed for absorption is lacking
82
B12 Sources
- chicken liver
- sirloin steak
- cottage cheese
- pork roast
- sardines
- tuna
- swiss cheese
- enriched cereal
83
B6 Deficiencies result in
- weakness
- psychological depression
- confusion
- irritability
- insomnia
- anemia
- greasy dermatitis
84
B6 Sources
- beef liver
- banana
- sweet potato
- baked potato
- chicken breast
- spinach
Nutrition FN 170
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