Chapter 3 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
6 basic needs of the bodies cells
A
- energy from oxygen
- water
- building blocks
- control systems
- nutrients from foods
2
Q
enzymes
A
- working proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions such as releasing energy from nutrient molecules.
- perform cellular work
3
Q
structural proteins
A
- non-enzyme proteins of cells, such as the proteins of the cell membrane and of its interior structures
- architecture of the cells
4
Q
chromosomes
A
- structure coiled DNA/ proteins housed in the nucleus of every cell.
- carries the genes for making cellular proteins
5
Q
fat cells
A
- specialize in storage of fat and form the fat tissue
- produce fat metabolizing enzymes, produce hormones involved in appetite and energy balance
6
Q
Genes
A
- affect the way the body handles nutrients
- alter the way the body absorbs, metabolizes, or excretes nutrients from the body.
7
Q
inborn error of metabolism
A
- genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease
- gene for a critical piece of cellular machinery (enzyme) is defective or missing
8
Q
phenylketonuria
A
inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s handling of phenylalanine (dietary protein) left untreated results in serious harm to the brain/ nervous system
9
Q
tissues
A
- perform specialized tasks
- ex. muscles, nerves, blood and bone
10
Q
organs
A
- structural units made of tissues perform specific tasks
- ex. muscles, nerves, blood, bone
11
Q
body system
A
- group of related organs the work together to perform a function
- ex. circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system
12
Q
blood
A
- fluid of the cardiovascular system
- composed of water, red/ white blood cells, particles, nurtrients, oxygen and constituents
13
Q
lymph
A
fluid that moves from the bloodstream in into tissue spaces, travels in its own vessels, then drain back into blood system
14
Q
arteries
A
- blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supply form heart to tissues
15
Q
veins
A
-blood vessels that carry blood with carbon dioxide it has collected from tissue back to heart
16
Q
capillaries
A
weblike blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and transfer materials between blood and tissues
17
Q
plasma
A
- cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph
- surrounds white/ red blood cells and muscle cells
18
Q
extracellular fluid
A
- fluid residing outside the cells that transports materials to and from the cells
19
Q
intracellular fluid
A
- fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions
20
Q
aorta
A
large artery that transfers oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the circulatory system
21
Q
lungs
A
oxygenate blood removes carbon dioxide from blood and returns blood to the heart
22
Q
heart
A
right side pumps blood to lungs left side pumps oxygenated blood to body
23
Q
Liver
A
filters toxins from blood stores, transforms, and mobilizes nutrients
24
Q
intestines
A
absorb nutrients
25
kidneys
- filters wastes from blood
| - form urine and deliver it to the bladder for excretion
26
intestine
body's long tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption
27
liver
- task of chemically altering the absorbed materials to make them better suited for user by other tissues
- loped organ lies under ribs
- filters blood, removes/ processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, destroys toxins/ stores them to keep out of circulating
28
lymphatic system
transports/ helps to activate lymphocytes, white blood cells that defend against invading microbes
29
immune system
system of tissue/ organs that defend the body agains microbes/ foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings
30
lymphocytes
white blood ells that participate in immune response
31
microbes
bacteria, viruses, fungi, organisms invisible to naked eye, some that cause disease also called microorganisms
32
hormones
- chemicals secreted by glands into the blood in response to condition in the body that require regulation
- regulates blood glucose
- carry messages to regulate digestive system in response to meals or fasting
- inform the bin about degree of body fatness
- help to regulate hunger/ appetite
- influence appetite changes during women's menstrual cycle and pregnancy
- regulate the body's reaction to stress, suppressing hunger and digestion
33
glands
body organs that produce and release needed compounds, such as sweat, saliva, and hormones
34
glucose
- carbohydrate present in bloodstream, for optimal health blood glucose concentration must be maintained with a range neither too high nor too low
35
pancreas
- produces digestive enzymes which releases through a duct into the small intestine
- produces two hormones; insulin & glucagon (regulates blood glucose concentrations
36
insulin
- hormone from the pancreas that prompts cells to withdraw glucose from blood
37
glucagon
- hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when necessary to raise its concentration.
38
alimentary canal
- starts at mouth ends at anus
| "tube within a tube"
39
Digestive System Functions
Ingestion -Taking in food
Digestion - process by which food is broken down into absorbable units
Changes “big” food into “little” food
Transforms all kinds of foods into nutrients
Mechanical
Chemical
Absorption
The passage of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or lymph
40
Mouth
chews/ mixes food w/ saliva
41
Pharynx
directs food from mouth to esophagus
42
salivary glands
secrete saliva (starch - digesting enzymes)
43
Epiglottis
protects airway during swallowing
44
Trachea
allows air to pass to and from lungs
45
esophagus
passes food from the mouth to the stomach
46
esophageal sphincters
- allows passage from mouth - esophagus - stomach
| - prevents back flow from stomach to esophagus and from esophagus to mouth
47
Stomach
- muscular, elastic, pouch like organ of the digestive tract.
- adds acid, enzymes, fluid, churns, grinds food to a liquid mass
48
pyloric sphincter
allows passage from stomach to small intestine, prevents back flow from small intestine
49
Liver
manufactures bile salts, detergent substances to help digest fats
50
gallbladder
stores bile until needed
51
bile duct
conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
52
lleocecal valve (sphincter)
- allows passage from small to large intestine
| - prevents back flow from large intestine
53
appendix
stores lymph cells
54
small intestine
- secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles
- cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood lymph
55
pancreas
manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine.
56
pancreatic duct
conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine
57
large intestine (colon)
- reabsorbs water/ minerals
| - passes waste (fiber, bacteria, unabsorbed nutrients) along w/ water to the rectum
58
rectum
stores water prior to elimination
59
anus
holds rectum closed
60
Esophagus
- Connects mouth to the stomach
- Contains a muscle at the top of the stomach to keep food from coming up from the stomach
- Uses gravity & peristalsis to move food down
61
Stomach Functions
- Acts as a storage site for food
- Chemical digestion of protein begins
- High in acid*
- Churns food like a blender
- Results in chyme
- Releases food slowly to the small intestine
62
Gastric Juice
- mixture of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid
| - Kills bacteria and starts digestion of protein
63
Small Intestine
- Where most digestion and absorption takes place
- Muscular tube ~26’ to 30’ long with a diameter the size of your thumb
- Extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
- Suspended in the abdominal wall by mesentery (tissue encircling sm intestine & connecting the intestine to abdominal wall)
64
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
- Enzymes mix with chyme.
- Produced by: Intestinal cells/ Pancreas (also adds HCO3)
- Bile enters from the gall bladder
65
Villi of the Small Intestine
- Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa (folds of the intestine) .....think of velvet
- Provides surface area for absorption
- Recognize and select the nutrients the body needs and regulate their absorption
66
Large Intestine (Colon) – The Final Stage
- Larger in diameter, but shorter than small intestine, ~6’ long
- Has subdivisions
- Named for direction of food movement
- Absorption of water and salts
- Eliminates indigestible food as feces
- Contains bacteria to digest waste, produce vitamins B12and K and compete with infectious bacteria
- Does not participate in digestion
67
Structures of the Large Intestine
```
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid (S-shaped)
```
68
Peristalsis
- wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along
69
Segmentation
Periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine (around the bolus of food) at intervals along its length by its circular muscles
Allows bolus to come in contact with surface containing digestive juices
70
Sphincter Contractions
Sphincter muscle circular muscle surrounding a body opening-
- Lower esphageal sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter
- Ileocecal valve
- Rectum
71
Accessory Digestive Organs
```
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder
(All produce secretions for digestion)
```
72
Secretions of Digestion
- Enzymes – a protein that facilitates a chemical reaction - - Part of the chemical digestion to breakdown the bolus of food
- Different enzymes breakdown different nutrients:
carbohydrate (amylase), fat (lipase), protein (pepsin)
- Enzymes are Catalyst that facilitate a reaction but remains unchanged
73
Mouth / Salivary Glands
- Secrete saliva
- Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
- Helps to form food into a bolus
- Contains salivary amylase – starch digesting enzyme
- We produce ~ 1 liter/day
74
Pancreas - Exocrine Function
- produces digestive enzymes/ hormones & insulin
Enzymes: secreted into duodenum
Bicarbonate: to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine
Insulin: decreases blood glucose
Glucagon: increases blood glucose
75
Small Intestine
Secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles.
76
Liver
- Stores vitamins
- Removes waste
- Produces and controls Cholesterol
- Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
- Makes clotting factors to stop excessive bleeding
- Breaks down fats to other substances
- Manufactures bile for fat emulsification
Composition: ~95% water, Bile salts, Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin), Cholesterol, Phospholipids, electrolytes
77
Gall Bladder
- Sac attached to inferior surface of liver
- Stores, concentrates bile
- Bile enters duodenum in the presence of fatty food
78
Circulatory Systems
* Arteries – vessels that carry blood away from the heart
* Capillaries – small vessels that branch from an artery. Connect arteries to veins
* Veins – vessels that carry blood back to the heart
79
Lymphatic System
* One way route for fluid from the tissue spaces to enter the blood
* Large fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lymph, sent to the liver, and eventually enter the blood stream
80
Control of Digestive Activity
* Mostly by reflexes via the parasympathetic division (nervous system)
* Parasympathetic system affected greatly by:
STRESS
Chemical (hormones)
Stimuli which include: Stretch of the organ, pH of the contents, Presence of breakdown products
81
Common Disorders
Aging – taste and smell sensations wane, thus fewer digestive juices
Peristalsis slows
Choking
Vomiting*
Motility Disorders: Diarrhea and Constipation*
Ulcers*
Heartburn
Diverticulosis*
IBS*
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’sDisease
Gall Stones*
82
Vomiting
Has protective factors
Psychiatric disorders associated with body image perception
Bulimia: self-induced vomiting
Usually overweight
Problems with esophagus, teeth
Anorexia Nervosa: self-induced starvation
May die of electrolyte imbalances or uremic poisoning
83
Motility Disorders
Diarrhea:Infections organismsLong term use of antibioticsFood intoleranceIntestinal diseasesConstipation:Failure to respond to defecation stimulusInadequate fiberInadequate fluidsInactivityPregnancyCan lead of colon cancer
84
Ulcers:
* Eroded lesion of mucosa
* Peptic Ulcers - Bacterial infection with H. pylori, Destroys mucus lining, Most common
* Stress Ulcers - Due to trauma or hyperstimulation of vagus nerve which stimulates HCl secretions
85
Diverticulosis:
Mucosa and submucosa herniate
Common in developed countries
May lead to perforation
May require surgery
86
Diverticulitis:
Inflammation of diverticuli
87
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Alternating diarrhea and constipation
- Due to dysregulation of motor/sensory function by CNS
- Correlation with stress and hormones
88
Gall Stones
- Bile travels through the bile ducts to the gallbladder, where it remains until needed for fat digestion. During bile’s time in storage, water is slowly extracted.
- The hardened material may clump together and form a gall stone
- Common in: females, 40’s, fair, and fat
89
What type of diet takes longer to digest and requires more processing time in the stomach?
high-CHO
high-fat
high-protein
fluid
high-fat
| high-protein
90
Intestine
The body's long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption
91
Liver
- Large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs.
- Filters blood, removes processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, destroys toxins/ stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system.
92
Kidneys
pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, release it to the bladder for excretion.
93
immune system
large system of tissues and organs that defend the body against microbes or foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.
94
lymphocytes
white blood cells that participate in the immune response
95
microbes
bacteria, viruses, fungi, organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which are called diseases.
96
hormones
- Chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. Serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain appropriate conditions.
97
glands
body organs that produce and release needed compounds, such as sweat, saliva, and hormones.
98
glucose
- Carbohydrate fuel present in the bloodstream.
| - for optimal functioning and health the blood glucose concentration must be maintained within a certain range.
99
pancreas
- gland that produces hormones insulin/ glucagon which regulate blood glucose concentrations.
- produces digestive enzymes released into the small intestine via a duct.
100
insulin
- hormone form the pancreas that prompts cells to withdraw glucose from the blood.
101
glucagon
- hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when necessary to raise its concentration.
102
cortex
outer most layer, the brain's cortex is the part of the brain where conscious thought takes place, produces hunger and appetite.
103
hypothalamus
Part of the brain that senses temperature, glucose content, salt content, and signals other parts of the brain or body to adjust those conditions when necessary.
104
fight-or-flight
body's instinctive hormone/ nerve mediated reaction to danger. (stress response)
105
neurotransmitters
- chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there.
- they diffuse across the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that second cell to either inhibit or excite it.
106
epinephrine
major hormone that elicits the stress response
107
norepinephrine
compound related to epinephrine that helps elicit the stress response.
108
metabolism
sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells; includes all reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy for food.
109
Chyme
- fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach up a meal.
110
pyloric valve
- flap of muscle tissues of the lower stomach that regulates the flow of partly digested food into the small intestine and prevents back flow
111
gastric juice
digestive secretion of the stomach
112
hydrochloric acid
- strong, corrosive acid of the hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion.
113
pH
measure of acidity on a point scale. 1 being strong and 7 neutral, 14 is strong base
114
bile
- digestive fluid made by the liver, stored into the gallbladder, released into the small intestine when needed.
- emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion.
115
emulsifier
- compound with water soluble, fat soluble portions that can attract fats and oils into water, dispersing them.
116
pancreatic juice
fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins, and sodium bicarbonate (acid-neutralizing agent)
117
mucus
slippery coating of the digestive tract lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices. (mucus membrane)
118
nephrons
working units of the kidneys, consisting of intermeshed blood vessels and tubules.
