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Nutrition FN 170 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

6 basic needs of the bodies cells

A
  • energy from oxygen
  • water
  • building blocks
  • control systems
  • nutrients from foods
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2
Q

enzymes

A
  • working proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions such as releasing energy from nutrient molecules.
  • perform cellular work
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3
Q

structural proteins

A
  • non-enzyme proteins of cells, such as the proteins of the cell membrane and of its interior structures
  • architecture of the cells
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4
Q

chromosomes

A
  • structure coiled DNA/ proteins housed in the nucleus of every cell.
  • carries the genes for making cellular proteins
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5
Q

fat cells

A
  • specialize in storage of fat and form the fat tissue

- produce fat metabolizing enzymes, produce hormones involved in appetite and energy balance

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6
Q

Genes

A
  • affect the way the body handles nutrients

- alter the way the body absorbs, metabolizes, or excretes nutrients from the body.

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7
Q

inborn error of metabolism

A
  • genetic variation present from birth that may result in disease
  • gene for a critical piece of cellular machinery (enzyme) is defective or missing
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8
Q

phenylketonuria

A

inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body’s handling of phenylalanine (dietary protein) left untreated results in serious harm to the brain/ nervous system

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9
Q

tissues

A
  • perform specialized tasks

- ex. muscles, nerves, blood and bone

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10
Q

organs

A
  • structural units made of tissues perform specific tasks

- ex. muscles, nerves, blood, bone

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11
Q

body system

A
  • group of related organs the work together to perform a function
  • ex. circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system
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12
Q

blood

A
  • fluid of the cardiovascular system

- composed of water, red/ white blood cells, particles, nurtrients, oxygen and constituents

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13
Q

lymph

A

fluid that moves from the bloodstream in into tissue spaces, travels in its own vessels, then drain back into blood system

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14
Q

arteries

A
  • blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supply form heart to tissues
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15
Q

veins

A

-blood vessels that carry blood with carbon dioxide it has collected from tissue back to heart

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16
Q

capillaries

A

weblike blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and transfer materials between blood and tissues

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17
Q

plasma

A
  • cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph

- surrounds white/ red blood cells and muscle cells

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18
Q

extracellular fluid

A
  • fluid residing outside the cells that transports materials to and from the cells
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19
Q

intracellular fluid

A
  • fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions
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20
Q

aorta

A

large artery that transfers oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the circulatory system

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21
Q

lungs

A

oxygenate blood removes carbon dioxide from blood and returns blood to the heart

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22
Q

heart

A

right side pumps blood to lungs left side pumps oxygenated blood to body

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23
Q

Liver

A

filters toxins from blood stores, transforms, and mobilizes nutrients

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24
Q

intestines

A

absorb nutrients

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25
Q

kidneys

A
  • filters wastes from blood

- form urine and deliver it to the bladder for excretion

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26
Q

intestine

A

body’s long tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption

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27
Q

liver

A
  • task of chemically altering the absorbed materials to make them better suited for user by other tissues
  • loped organ lies under ribs
  • filters blood, removes/ processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, destroys toxins/ stores them to keep out of circulating
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28
Q

lymphatic system

A

transports/ helps to activate lymphocytes, white blood cells that defend against invading microbes

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29
Q

immune system

A

system of tissue/ organs that defend the body agains microbes/ foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings

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30
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood ells that participate in immune response

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31
Q

microbes

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, organisms invisible to naked eye, some that cause disease also called microorganisms

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32
Q

hormones

A
  • chemicals secreted by glands into the blood in response to condition in the body that require regulation
  • regulates blood glucose
  • carry messages to regulate digestive system in response to meals or fasting
  • inform the bin about degree of body fatness
  • help to regulate hunger/ appetite
  • influence appetite changes during women’s menstrual cycle and pregnancy
  • regulate the body’s reaction to stress, suppressing hunger and digestion
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33
Q

glands

A

body organs that produce and release needed compounds, such as sweat, saliva, and hormones

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34
Q

glucose

A
  • carbohydrate present in bloodstream, for optimal health blood glucose concentration must be maintained with a range neither too high nor too low
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35
Q

pancreas

A
  • produces digestive enzymes which releases through a duct into the small intestine
  • produces two hormones; insulin & glucagon (regulates blood glucose concentrations
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36
Q

insulin

A
  • hormone from the pancreas that prompts cells to withdraw glucose from blood
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37
Q

glucagon

A
  • hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when necessary to raise its concentration.
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38
Q

alimentary canal

A
  • starts at mouth ends at anus

“tube within a tube”

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39
Q

Digestive System Functions

A

Ingestion -Taking in food

Digestion - process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

Changes “big” food into “little” food
Transforms all kinds of foods into nutrients
Mechanical
Chemical
Absorption
The passage of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or lymph

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40
Q

Mouth

A

chews/ mixes food w/ saliva

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41
Q

Pharynx

A

directs food from mouth to esophagus

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42
Q

salivary glands

A

secrete saliva (starch - digesting enzymes)

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43
Q

Epiglottis

A

protects airway during swallowing

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44
Q

Trachea

A

allows air to pass to and from lungs

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45
Q

esophagus

A

passes food from the mouth to the stomach

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46
Q

esophageal sphincters

A
  • allows passage from mouth - esophagus - stomach

- prevents back flow from stomach to esophagus and from esophagus to mouth

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47
Q

Stomach

A
  • muscular, elastic, pouch like organ of the digestive tract.
  • adds acid, enzymes, fluid, churns, grinds food to a liquid mass
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48
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

allows passage from stomach to small intestine, prevents back flow from small intestine

49
Q

Liver

A

manufactures bile salts, detergent substances to help digest fats

50
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile until needed

51
Q

bile duct

A

conducts bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

52
Q

lleocecal valve (sphincter)

A
  • allows passage from small to large intestine

- prevents back flow from large intestine

53
Q

appendix

A

stores lymph cells

54
Q

small intestine

A
  • secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles
  • cells of wall absorb nutrients into blood lymph
55
Q

pancreas

A

manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine.

56
Q

pancreatic duct

A

conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine

57
Q

large intestine (colon)

A
  • reabsorbs water/ minerals

- passes waste (fiber, bacteria, unabsorbed nutrients) along w/ water to the rectum

58
Q

rectum

A

stores water prior to elimination

59
Q

anus

A

holds rectum closed

60
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Connects mouth to the stomach
  • Contains a muscle at the top of the stomach to keep food from coming up from the stomach
  • Uses gravity & peristalsis to move food down
61
Q

Stomach Functions

A
  • Acts as a storage site for food
  • Chemical digestion of protein begins
  • High in acid*
  • Churns food like a blender
  • Results in chyme
  • Releases food slowly to the small intestine
62
Q

Gastric Juice

A
  • mixture of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid

- Kills bacteria and starts digestion of protein

63
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Where most digestion and absorption takes place
  • Muscular tube ~26’ to 30’ long with a diameter the size of your thumb
  • Extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
  • Suspended in the abdominal wall by mesentery (tissue encircling sm intestine & connecting the intestine to abdominal wall)
64
Q

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

A
  • Enzymes mix with chyme.
  • Produced by: Intestinal cells/ Pancreas (also adds HCO3)
  • Bile enters from the gall bladder
65
Q

Villi of the Small Intestine

A
  • Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa (folds of the intestine) …..think of velvet
  • Provides surface area for absorption
  • Recognize and select the nutrients the body needs and regulate their absorption
66
Q

Large Intestine (Colon) – The Final Stage

A
  • Larger in diameter, but shorter than small intestine, ~6’ long
  • Has subdivisions
  • Named for direction of food movement
  • Absorption of water and salts
  • Eliminates indigestible food as feces
  • Contains bacteria to digest waste, produce vitamins B12and K and compete with infectious bacteria
  • Does not participate in digestion
67
Q

Structures of the Large Intestine

A 
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid (S-shaped)
68
Q

Peristalsis

A
  • wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along
69
Q

Segmentation

A

Periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine (around the bolus of food) at intervals along its length by its circular muscles
Allows bolus to come in contact with surface containing digestive juices

70
Q

Sphincter Contractions

A

Sphincter muscle circular muscle surrounding a body opening-

  • Lower esphageal sphincter
  • Pyloric sphincter
  • Ileocecal valve
  • Rectum
71
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A 
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder
(All produce secretions for digestion)
72
Q

Secretions of Digestion

A
  • Enzymes – a protein that facilitates a chemical reaction - - Part of the chemical digestion to breakdown the bolus of food
  • Different enzymes breakdown different nutrients:
    carbohydrate (amylase), fat (lipase), protein (pepsin)
  • Enzymes are Catalyst that facilitate a reaction but remains unchanged
73
Q

Mouth / Salivary Glands

A
  • Secrete saliva
  • Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
  • Helps to form food into a bolus
  • Contains salivary amylase – starch digesting enzyme
  • We produce ~ 1 liter/day
74
Q

Pancreas - Exocrine Function

A
  • produces digestive enzymes/ hormones & insulin
    Enzymes: secreted into duodenum
    Bicarbonate: to neutralize acid chyme that enters the small intestine
    Insulin: decreases blood glucose
    Glucagon: increases blood glucose
75
Q

Small Intestine

A

Secretes enzymes that digest all energy-yielding nutrients to smaller nutrient particles.

76
Q

Liver

A
  • Stores vitamins
  • Removes waste
  • Produces and controls Cholesterol
  • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
  • Makes clotting factors to stop excessive bleeding
  • Breaks down fats to other substances
  • Manufactures bile for fat emulsification
    Composition: ~95% water, Bile salts, Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin), Cholesterol, Phospholipids, electrolytes
77
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • Sac attached to inferior surface of liver
  • Stores, concentrates bile
  • Bile enters duodenum in the presence of fatty food
78
Q

Circulatory Systems

A
  • Arteries – vessels that carry blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries – small vessels that branch from an artery. Connect arteries to veins
  • Veins – vessels that carry blood back to the heart
79
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • One way route for fluid from the tissue spaces to enter the blood
  • Large fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into the lymph, sent to the liver, and eventually enter the blood stream
80
Q

Control of Digestive Activity

A
  • Mostly by reflexes via the parasympathetic division (nervous system)
  • Parasympathetic system affected greatly by:
    STRESS
    Chemical (hormones)
    Stimuli which include: Stretch of the organ, pH of the contents, Presence of breakdown products
81
Q

Common Disorders

A

Aging – taste and smell sensations wane, thus fewer digestive juices
Peristalsis slows
Choking
Vomiting*
Motility Disorders: Diarrhea and Constipation*
Ulcers*
Heartburn
Diverticulosis*
IBS*
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’sDisease
Gall Stones*

82
Q

Vomiting

A

Has protective factors
Psychiatric disorders associated with body image perception
Bulimia: self-induced vomiting
Usually overweight
Problems with esophagus, teeth
Anorexia Nervosa: self-induced starvation
May die of electrolyte imbalances or uremic poisoning

83
Q

Motility Disorders

A

Diarrhea:Infections organismsLong term use of antibioticsFood intoleranceIntestinal diseasesConstipation:Failure to respond to defecation stimulusInadequate fiberInadequate fluidsInactivityPregnancyCan lead of colon cancer

84
Q

Ulcers:

A
  • Eroded lesion of mucosa
  • Peptic Ulcers - Bacterial infection with H. pylori, Destroys mucus lining, Most common
  • Stress Ulcers - Due to trauma or hyperstimulation of vagus nerve which stimulates HCl secretions
85
Q

Diverticulosis:

A

Mucosa and submucosa herniate
Common in developed countries
May lead to perforation
May require surgery

86
Q

Diverticulitis:

A

Inflammation of diverticuli

87
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A
  • Alternating diarrhea and constipation
  • Due to dysregulation of motor/sensory function by CNS
  • Correlation with stress and hormones
88
Q

Gall Stones

A
  • Bile travels through the bile ducts to the gallbladder, where it remains until needed for fat digestion. During bile’s time in storage, water is slowly extracted.
  • The hardened material may clump together and form a gall stone
  • Common in: females, 40’s, fair, and fat
89
Q

What type of diet takes longer to digest and requires more processing time in the stomach?

high-CHO
high-fat
high-protein
fluid

A

high-fat

high-protein

90
Q

Intestine

A

The body’s long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption

91
Q

Liver

A
  • Large, lobed organ that lies just under the ribs.
  • Filters blood, removes processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, destroys toxins/ stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system.
92
Q

Kidneys

A

pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, release it to the bladder for excretion.

93
Q

immune system

A

large system of tissues and organs that defend the body against microbes or foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.

94
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that participate in the immune response

95
Q

microbes

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which are called diseases.

96
Q

hormones

A
  • Chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. Serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain appropriate conditions.
97
Q

glands

A

body organs that produce and release needed compounds, such as sweat, saliva, and hormones.

98
Q

glucose

A
  • Carbohydrate fuel present in the bloodstream.

- for optimal functioning and health the blood glucose concentration must be maintained within a certain range.

99
Q

pancreas

A
  • gland that produces hormones insulin/ glucagon which regulate blood glucose concentrations.
  • produces digestive enzymes released into the small intestine via a duct.
100
Q

insulin

A
  • hormone form the pancreas that prompts cells to withdraw glucose from the blood.
101
Q

glucagon

A
  • hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood when necessary to raise its concentration.
102
Q

cortex

A

outer most layer, the brain’s cortex is the part of the brain where conscious thought takes place, produces hunger and appetite.

103
Q

hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that senses temperature, glucose content, salt content, and signals other parts of the brain or body to adjust those conditions when necessary.

104
Q

fight-or-flight

A

body’s instinctive hormone/ nerve mediated reaction to danger. (stress response)

105
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • chemicals that are released at the end of a nerve cell when a nerve impulse arrives there.
  • they diffuse across the gap to the next cell and alter the membrane of that second cell to either inhibit or excite it.
106
Q

epinephrine

A

major hormone that elicits the stress response

107
Q

norepinephrine

A

compound related to epinephrine that helps elicit the stress response.

108
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all physical and chemical changes taking place in living cells; includes all reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy for food.

109
Q

Chyme

A
  • fluid resulting from the actions of the stomach up a meal.
110
Q

pyloric valve

A
  • flap of muscle tissues of the lower stomach that regulates the flow of partly digested food into the small intestine and prevents back flow
111
Q

gastric juice

A

digestive secretion of the stomach

112
Q

hydrochloric acid

A
  • strong, corrosive acid of the hydrogen and chloride atoms, produced by the stomach to assist in digestion.
113
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity on a point scale. 1 being strong and 7 neutral, 14 is strong base

114
Q

bile

A
  • digestive fluid made by the liver, stored into the gallbladder, released into the small intestine when needed.
  • emulsifies fats and oils to ready them for enzymatic digestion.
115
Q

emulsifier

A
  • compound with water soluble, fat soluble portions that can attract fats and oils into water, dispersing them.
116
Q

pancreatic juice

A

fluid secreted by the pancreas that contains both enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins, and sodium bicarbonate (acid-neutralizing agent)

117
Q

mucus

A

slippery coating of the digestive tract lining that protects the cells from exposure to digestive juices. (mucus membrane)

118
Q

nephrons

A

working units of the kidneys, consisting of intermeshed blood vessels and tubules.

Nutrition FN 170 (7 decks)

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