Chapter 7

Question 1

Define Cellular respiration

Answer 1

The process by which energy rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP during which oxygen is utilized and carbon dioxide is produced

Question 2

Define Aerobic respiration

Answer 2

Form of cellular respiration found in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes in which oxygen is a reactant in the ATP-producing process

Question 3

Define Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

The production of ATP in a number of types of prokaryotes using an electron transport chain in which the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule rather than oxygen.

Question 4

Define Oxidation

Answer 4

The partial or full loss of electrons from a substance

Question 5

Define Oxidized

Answer 5

Substance- the electron donor- from which the electron are lost during oxidation

Question 6

Define Reduction

Answer 6

The partial or full gain of electrons to a substance

Question 7

Define Reduced

Answer 7

Substance- the electron acceptor- that gains electrons during reduction

Question 8

Define Redox reactions

Answer 8

Coupled oxidation- reduction reaction in which electrons are removed from a donor molecule and simultaneously added to an acceptor molecule

Question 9

Define Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Answer 9

A coenzyme that serves as an electron carrier

Question 10

Define Glycolysis

Answer 10

Stage of cellular respiration in which sugar such as glucose are partially oxidized and broken down into smaller molecules

Question 11

Define Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 11

An enzyme catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Question 12

Define Pyruvate oxidation (pyruvic acid oxidation)

Answer 12

Stage of cellular respiration in which the three carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into a two- carbon acetyl group that is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide

Question 13

Define Citric acid cycle

Answer 13

Series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecules are synthesized. Also referred to as Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

Question 14

Define Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

Synthesis of ATP in which ATP synthase uses an H+ gradient built by the electron transport chain as the energy source to make the ATP

Question 15

Define Electron transport chain

Answer 15

Stage of cellular respiration in which high-energy electrons produced from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are delivered to oxygen by a sequence of electron carriers

Question 16

Define Chemiosmosis

Answer 16

In oxidative phosphorylation, the process of generating an H+ gradient from free energy released by electron flow through the electron transport chain

Question 17

Define ATP synthase

Answer 17

A membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP

Question 18

Define Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl- CoA), also known as Acetylcholine)

Answer 18

A neurotransmitter that is release by axon terminal at chemical synapses. It has mostly excitatory effects

Question 19

Define tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

Answer 19

Series of reaction in whicch acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecules are synthesized. Also referred to as Krebs cycle and tricarbonxylic acid cycle

Question 20

Krebs cycle

Answer 20

Series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and ATP molecules are synthesized. Also referred to as Krebs cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

Question 21

Define Mitochondrial electron transport chain

Answer 21

Series of electron carriers that alternately pick up and release electrons, ultimately transferring them to their final acceptor, oxygen

Question 22

Define Proton-motive force

Answer 22

Stored energy that contributes to ATP synthesis, as well as the cotransport of substances to and from mitochondria

Question 23

Define Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Answer 23

Model proposing that mitochondrial electron transfer produces an H+ gradient and that the gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

Question 24

Define Anaerobic respiration

Answer 24

The production of ATP in a number of types of prokaryotes using an electron transport chain in which the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule rather than oxygen

Question 25

Define Fermentation

Answer 25

Process in which electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to an electron transport chain

Question 26

Define Lactate fermentation

Answer 26

Reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate

Question 27

Define Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 27

Reaction in which pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in a two step series that also converts NADH into NAD+

Question 28

Define Strict anaerobes

Answer 28

Organism in which fermentation is the only source of ATP

Question 29

Define Strict aerobes

Answer 29

Cell with an absolute requirement for oxygen to survive, unable to live solely by fermentations

Question 30

Define Facultative anaerobes

Answer 30

An organism that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, using oxygen when it is present and living by fermentation under anaerobic conditions

Question 31

Define Gluconeogenesis

Answer 31

Glucose biosynthesis from intermediates of the glycolysis and citric acid pathways as well as from molecules derived from those pathways. It is the reverse of glycolysis