Chapter 66

Question 0

What are the types of bones?

Answer 0

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

Question 1

How many bones are there in the human body?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What is the shaft of the bone called?

Answer 2

The diaphysis.

Question 3

What are the ends of long bones called?

Answer 3

Epiphyses.

Question 4

What covers the ends of long bones?

Answer 4

Cartilage.

Question 5

What are long bones designed for question

Answer 5

Weight-bearing and movement.

Question 6

What is the significance of flat bones?

Answer 6

Hematopoiesis and protection of vital organs.

Question 7

What are the three major cell types and bones?

Answer 7

Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts.

Question 8

What are circles of mineralized bone matrix called question

Answer 8

Lamellae.

Question 9

What is the fibrous membrane that covers bones?

Answer 9

The periosteum.

Question 10

What is the thin vascular membrane that covers the marrow cavity of long bones and the spaces in cancellous bones?

Answer 10

The endosteum.

Question 11

Where is red bone marrow located?

Answer 11

The sternum, ilium, vertebrae and ribs in adults.

Question 12

What is another word for bone formation?

Answer 12

Osteogenesis.

Question 13

What is the process by which bone matrix is formed?

Answer 13

Ossification.

Question 14

How do bones grow during childhood?

Answer 14

Modeling.

Question 15

What process do adult bones undergo?

Answer 15

Remodeling.

Question 16

How often does complete skeletal turnover occur?

Answer 16

Every 10 years.

Question 17

What stimulates bone remodeling?

Answer 17

Physical activity, particularly weight-bearing exercises.

Question 18

What dietary nutrients are necessary for bone health?

Answer 18

Calcium and vitamin D.

Question 19

Which hormones affect bone health?

Answer 19

The major hormone regulators are parathormone and calcitonin. Both thyroid hormone and cortisol affect bone health. The sex hormones testosterone and estrogen have important effects on bone remodeling.

Question 20

What are the three phases of bone healing?

Answer 20

Phase 1: Reactive Phase- The body’s responses similar to that of any other injury. Granulation tissue begins to form.
Phase 2: Reparative Phase- granulation tissue is replaced with callus precursor called procallus.
Phase 3: Remodeling Phase- New bone forms.

Question 21

What is a joint?

Answer 21

The junction of two or more bones.

Question 22

What are the types of joints?

Answer 22

▪️ ball and socket joints
▪️ hinge joints
▪️ saddle joints
▪️ pivot joints
▪️ gliding joints

Question 23

What is a ligament?

Answer 23

Fibrous connective tissue bands that bind one bone to another bone.

Question 24

What is a bursa?

Answer 24

A sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions the movements of bone, tendons, ligaments at a point of friction. They are found at elbows shoulders hips and knees.

Question 25

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 25

The length of the muscle remains the same, but the force increases.

Question 26

What is isotonic contraction?

Answer 26

Shortening of the muscle with no increase in tension.

Question 27

What is muscle tone?

Answer 27

State of muscle readiness for movement and action.

Question 28

What is a flaccid muscle?

Answer 28

A muscle that is limp and without tone.

Question 29

What is a spastic muscle?

Answer 29

A muscle with a greater than normal tone.

Question 30

What is an atonic muscle?

Answer 30

A soft and flabby denervated muscle.

Question 31

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 31

The enlargement of muscle tissue.

Question 32

What is atrophy?

Answer 32

The increase in muscle size.

Question 33

How is bone pain described?

Answer 33

A dull deep ache that is "boring".

Question 34

How is muscular pain described?

Answer 34

Soreness or aching referred to as "muscle cramps".

Question 35

What is paresthesia?

Answer 35

The sensation of burning, tingling or numbness.

Question 36

What is kyphosis?

Answer 36

An increased forward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Question 37

What is lordosis?

Answer 37

Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine.

Question 38

What is scoliosis?

Answer 38

A lateral curvature of the spine.

Question 39

How is gait assessed?

Answer 39

The patient walks a short distance away from the examiner.

Question 40

What are some important diagnostic tests of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 40

X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and arthrography.

Question 41

What is bone densitomestry?

Answer 41

It estimates bone mineral density.

Question 42

It is a bone scan?

Answer 42

It is used to detect primary and metastatic bone tumors, osteomyelitis, some bone fractures and aseptic necrosis.

Question 43

What is arthroscopy?

Answer 43

A minimally invasive way to directly visualize the inside of a joint.