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Biology Chapter 6 > Chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

full DNA sequence of an organism

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2
Q

Molecular scissors

A

Used to cut DNA and is made up of bacteria

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3
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

bacterial proteins that cut DNA whenever a particular nucleotide sequence occurs

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4
Q

Restriction fragments

A

the pieces of DNA are made by cutting it with restriction enzymes

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5
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

technique of sorting and analyzing pieces of DNA restriction fragments

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6
Q

DNA gel

A

a porous substance that looks and feels like a slab of gelatin

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7
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

pattern of restriction fragments

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8
Q

Human Genome Project (1990) main goals

A
  1. to determine nucleotide sequences of all DNA in human chromosome
  2. to identify the location and sequence of every human gene
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9
Q

HGP other goals

A
  1. explore gene functions
  2. studying variations in people’s DNA
  3. comparing DNA of humans to other species
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10
Q

How was the Human Genome Project designed?

A

Compilation of genes from a group of individuals

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11
Q

How many of the human genomes contain genes?

A

only 1.5-2.0%

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12
Q

How many of the human genome is repeated nucleotide sequence?

A

98%

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13
Q

Describe the repeated nucleotide sequence

A
  • regulate genes
  • some of the DNA sequences are inserted from viruses
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14
Q

Describe the gel electrophoresis process

A
  • DNA fragments added to one end of the gell
  • electric current applied
  • negatively charged DNA molecules move to positively charged end of gel
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15
Q

Smaller fragments in gel electrophoresis means…

A

faster movement of electricity through pores

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16
Q

What happens when the electric currents in gel electrophoresis is turned off?

A

the fragments which have moved to the far end are visible

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17
Q

What does the pattern of bands on gel represent?

A

fragment sizes

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18
Q

DNA sequencing

A

determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

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19
Q

Describe the process of DNA sequencing

A
  • nucleotides are labelled with different colours of fluorescent dye
  • two strands of DNA helix seperated
  • one of the two strands is used as a template to make a complementary strand
  • complementary strand grows one nucleotide at a time
  • each time nucleotide added, bright flash from dye colours
20
Q

Bioinformatics

A

the science of handling and analyzing biological data

21
Q

GenBank

A

central repository which holds the DNA sequences found in the HGP

22
Q

Where did bioinformatics emerge from?

A

the HGP

23
Q

What does bioinformatics include

A
  • creation, development, and operation of databases
  • collect, organize, interpret data
24
Q

Why do researchers use specialized computers and programs?

A

to recognize and align overlapping nucleotide sequences

25
Q

How does GenBank help scientists?

A

to search, browse, and study DNA sequences

26
Q

Genomics

A

study of genomes

27
Q

Codons

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

28
Q

Coding regions

A

genes that contain the instruction for making particular proteins

29
Q

Mapping genes

A

enables researchers to identify genes associated with genes

30
Q

What is the goal of genomics

A

to map the location of genes within genomes

31
Q

Key identifiers

A

switches that turn genes off and on
- start codons at the beginning of a gene; ends codons at the of gene

32
Q

Alpha globulin contains coding regions for which protein

A

hemoglobulin

33
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

progressive disease that gradually destroys brain cell function
- causes tremors, speech difficulties, rigid muscles

34
Q

What disorder does parkinson’s disease relate to

A

the particular gene and protein found in parkinson’s disease links to Alzheimer’s

35
Q

Model organisms

A

enable scientists to follow the inheritance of genes through generations

36
Q

What do model organisms do?

A
  • Cross-species comparisons (understanding functions of genes)
  • Comparing genomes (researchers look for regions of similarity and location of genes, provides clues about the gene’s role in humans; what happens when a function is missing)
37
Q

What genes for rats/zebras are similar for the genes that cause Parkinson’s disease in humans?

A
  • sense of smell
  • song-learning in zebra flinches
38
Q

Functional genomics

A

branch of study in genomics where researchers study model organisms to understand the functions of genes and other parts of genomes

39
Q

Why are mice a special model organism?

A
  • similar number of nucleotides
  • for a particular gene -> mouse counterpart
40
Q

DNA Chip

A

small glass wafer or slide spotted with an array of single stranded DNA fragments

41
Q

What do DNA chips find? (diseases)

A

Cystic Fibrosis

42
Q

How does a DNA Chip work?

A
  • person provides DNA sample
  • DNA sample cut into pieces using restriction enzymes
  • Fragments tagged with fluorescent dye to make probes
  • when probes matches with a spot of DNA on chip, prob binds
43
Q

Probe

A

Cut-up DNA sequences mixed fluorescent dye

44
Q

What are DNA chips used for in healthcare?

A

spans large region of human genome and includes mutation

45
Q

What are DNA chips used for in agriculture?

A

sequencing the rice genome
- this can help find more nutrients that are needed for the rice plant

Biology Chapter 6 (3 decks)

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