Chapter 6.1

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

full DNA sequence of an organism

Question 2

Molecular scissors

Answer 2

Used to cut DNA and is made up of bacteria

Question 3

Restriction enzymes

Answer 3

bacterial proteins that cut DNA whenever a particular nucleotide sequence occurs

Question 4

Restriction fragments

Answer 4

the pieces of DNA are made by cutting it with restriction enzymes

Question 5

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

technique of sorting and analyzing pieces of DNA restriction fragments

Question 6

DNA gel

Answer 6

a porous substance that looks and feels like a slab of gelatin

Question 7

DNA fingerprint

Answer 7

pattern of restriction fragments

Question 8

Human Genome Project (1990) main goals

Answer 8

1. to determine nucleotide sequences of all DNA in human chromosome
2. to identify the location and sequence of every human gene

Question 9

HGP other goals

Answer 9

3. explore gene functions
4. studying variations in people’s DNA
5. comparing DNA of humans to other species

Question 10

How was the Human Genome Project designed?

Answer 10

Compilation of genes from a group of individuals

Question 11

How many of the human genomes contain genes?

Answer 11

only 1.5-2.0%

Question 12

How many of the human genome is repeated nucleotide sequence?

Answer 12

98%

Question 13

Describe the repeated nucleotide sequence

Answer 13

• regulate genes
• some of the DNA sequences are inserted from viruses

Question 14

Describe the gel electrophoresis process

Answer 14

• DNA fragments added to one end of the gell
• electric current applied
• negatively charged DNA molecules move to positively charged end of gel

Question 15

Smaller fragments in gel electrophoresis means…

Answer 15

faster movement of electricity through pores

Question 16

What happens when the electric currents in gel electrophoresis is turned off?

Answer 16

the fragments which have moved to the far end are visible

Question 17

What does the pattern of bands on gel represent?

Answer 17

fragment sizes

Question 18

DNA sequencing

Answer 18

determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

Question 19

Describe the process of DNA sequencing

Answer 19

• nucleotides are labelled with different colours of fluorescent dye
• two strands of DNA helix seperated
• one of the two strands is used as a template to make a complementary strand
• complementary strand grows one nucleotide at a time
• each time nucleotide added, bright flash from dye colours

Question 20

Bioinformatics

Answer 20

the science of handling and analyzing biological data

Question 21

GenBank

Answer 21

central repository which holds the DNA sequences found in the HGP

Question 22

Where did bioinformatics emerge from?

Answer 22

the HGP

Question 23

What does bioinformatics include

Answer 23

• creation, development, and operation of databases
• collect, organize, interpret data

Question 24

Why do researchers use specialized computers and programs?

Answer 24

to recognize and align overlapping nucleotide sequences

Question 25

How does GenBank help scientists?

Answer 25

to search, browse, and study DNA sequences

Question 26

Genomics

Answer 26

study of genomes

Question 27

Codons

Answer 27

sequence of 3 nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code

Question 28

Coding regions

Answer 28

genes that contain the instruction for making particular proteins

Question 29

Mapping genes

Answer 29

enables researchers to identify genes associated with genes

Question 30

What is the goal of genomics

Answer 30

to map the location of genes within genomes

Question 31

Key identifiers

Answer 31

switches that turn genes off and on - start codons at the beginning of a gene; ends codons at the of gene

Question 32

Alpha globulin contains coding regions for which protein

Answer 32

hemoglobulin

Question 33

Parkinson's disease

Answer 33

progressive disease that gradually destroys brain cell function - causes tremors, speech difficulties, rigid muscles

Question 34

What disorder does parkinson's disease relate to

Answer 34

the particular gene and protein found in parkinson's disease links to Alzheimer's

Question 35

Model organisms

Answer 35

enable scientists to follow the inheritance of genes through generations

Question 36

What do model organisms do?

Answer 36

- Cross-species comparisons (understanding functions of genes) - Comparing genomes (researchers look for regions of similarity and location of genes, provides clues about the gene's role in humans; what happens when a function is missing)

Question 37

What genes for rats/zebras are similar for the genes that cause Parkinson's disease in humans?

Answer 37

- sense of smell - song-learning in zebra flinches

Question 38

Functional genomics

Answer 38

branch of study in genomics where researchers study model organisms to understand the functions of genes and other parts of genomes

Question 39

Why are mice a special model organism?

Answer 39

- similar number of nucleotides - for a particular gene -> mouse counterpart

Question 40

DNA Chip

Answer 40

small glass wafer or slide spotted with an array of single stranded DNA fragments

Question 41

What do DNA chips find? (diseases)

Answer 41

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 42

How does a DNA Chip work?

Answer 42

- person provides DNA sample - DNA sample cut into pieces using restriction enzymes - Fragments tagged with fluorescent dye to make probes - when probes matches with a spot of DNA on chip, prob binds

Question 43

Probe

Answer 43

Cut-up DNA sequences mixed fluorescent dye

Question 44

What are DNA chips used for in healthcare?

Answer 44

spans large region of human genome and includes mutation

Question 45

What are DNA chips used for in agriculture?

Answer 45

sequencing the rice genome - this can help find more nutrients that are needed for the rice plant