Chapter 6 Vocab Flashcards
Letter from Birmingham Jail
written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation.
civil rights
Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
litigation
the process of taking legal action using court system
social movement
a widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order
Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.
de facto segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions and residential settlement patterns
de jure segregation
segregation by law
Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment
Commerce Clause
Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Equal Rights Amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of sex
Title IX
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance
Griswold v. Connecticut
Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution
Roe v. Wade
(1973) legalized abortion in the first trimester on the basis of a woman’s right to privacy
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of “strict scrutiny” of any restraints on a “fundamental right” to one of “undue burden” that permits considerably more regulation.
Lawrence v. Texas
state law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners
Obergefell v. Hodges
Upholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Bakke v. University of California
1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.
