Chapter 6- Theoretical Framework Flashcards
conceptual integration
methods are appropriate for the research questions, the questions are consistent with existing evidence, and there is plausible conceptual rationale for hypotheses to be tested or for the design of an intervention
our views of how the intervention would “work”- what mediates the relationship between interven
theory
refers to an abstract generalization that explains how phenomena are interrelated.
A theory embodies at least two concepts that are related in a manner that the theory purports to explain
Traditional theory: to explain or predict phenomena
Descriptive theory: refer to a broad representation that can thoroughly describe a phenomenon. Describe or categorize characteristics of individuals, groups or situations by abstracting common features observed across multiple manifestations.
Play an important role in qualitative studies.
Descriptive theory is sometimes precursor to predictive and explanatory theory.
Theory of Planned Behavior
Related to Theory of Reasoned Action
Provides a framework for understanding people’s behaviors and it’s psychological determinants.
1) . Behavior that is volitional is determined by people’s intention to perform that behavior
2) Intention to perform or not perform a behavior is determined by three factors: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
3) The relative importance of the three factors in influencing intention varies across behaviors and situations
The concepts that form the basis of TPB include behaviors, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived self-control.
The theory, which specifies the nature of relationships among these concepts, provides a framework for generating hypotheses relating to health behaviors.
Grand Theories (Macrotheories)
Purport to describe and explain large segments of human experience.
In nursing, grand theories offer explanations of the whole of nursing and address the nature, goals, and mission of nursing practice, as distinct from the discipline of medicine.
Middle-range theories
Attempt to explain such phenomena as decision-making, stress, comfort, and unpleasant symptoms.
Are more specific and more amendable to empirical testing than grand theories
Practice Theories
The least abstract level of theory.
Sometimes call situation-specific theory OR micro theory
Such theories are highly specific, narrow in scope, and have an action orientation.
Not always associated with research, although grounded theory studies can be a source of situation-specific theory
Conceptual models
aka conceptual framework, or conceptual schemes
are less formal means of organizing phenomena than theories
like theories, conceptual models deal with abstractions that are assembled by virtue of their relevance to a common theme.
However, they lack the deuctive system of propositions that purport or explain relationships among concepts.
Provide a perspective regarding interrelated phenomena but are more loosely structured than theories.
Can serve as springboard for generating hypotheses but in their entitety are not formally “tested”
Schematic models
or Conceptual Maps
Visual representations of some aspects of reality, use concepts as building blocks with the minimal use of words.
A visual or symbolic representation of a theory or conceptual framework often helps to express abstract ideas in a concise and accessible format.
often helps to express abstract ideas in a concise and accessible format.
Common in both qualitatiive and quantitative research.
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Model explaining and predicting the health promotion-component of lifestyle.
An example of a Schmatic model or conceptual map:
Succinctly communicates linkage among concepts
Framework
overall conceptual underpinning of a study
Every study has a framework!! Not every study had a formal theory or conceptual model
In a study based on theory, the framework is called a THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In a study with roots in conceptual model, the framework is called CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Frameworks are often implicit, without being formally described.
In most qualitatitve studies, the framework are part of the research tradition in which the study is embedded.
The Role of Theories and Models
Allow researchers to integrate observations and facts into an orderly scheme
the linkage of findings into a coherent structure can make a body of evidence more useful
Can guide researcher’s understanding of not only the what of natural phenomena but also the why of their occurrence.
Relationship between Theory and Research
Have a reciprocal relationship.
Theories built inductively form observations
research evidence is an excellent source for those observations.
Concepts and relationships that are validated through reserach become the foundation for theory development
THe theory, in turn, must be tested by subjecting deductions from it (hypothesis) to systematic inquiry.
Theory guides and generates ideas for research; research assesses the worth of the theory and provides a foundation for new theories
Four concepts central to models of nursing:
Human beings
Environment
Health
Nursing
Various models define these concepts differently, link theme in diverse ways, and emphasize different relationships among them.
Roy’s Adaptation Model
Humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems who cope with environmental changes through the process of adaptation
Within human system there are 4 subsystems:
physiologic/physical, self-concept/group identity, role function, and interdependence.
The goal of nursing, according to this model, is to promote client adaptation.
Nursing also regulates stimuli affecting adaptation- increasing, decreasing, modifying, removing, or maintaining internal and external stimuli that affect adaptation.
Has been the basis for several middle-range theories and dozen of studies.
Omren’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
Self-care activities are what people do on their own behalf to maintain their life, health and well-being.
The ability to perform self-care is called self-care agency.
Orem’s universal self-care requisites to main health include: air, food, water, elimiation, activity and rest, solitude and social interaction, hazard prevention, and promotion of normality.
Self care deficits occur when self-care agency is not adequate to meet the self-care demands.
The Health Promotion Model
focuses on explaining health-promoting behaviors, using a wellness orientation.
Health promotion entails activities directed toward developing resources that maintain or ebhance a person’s well-being
Embodies several theoretical propositions that can be used to develop interventions and to gain insight into health behaviors.
One HPM proposition is that people commit to hehaviors from which they anticiapte deriving valued benefits.
Another is the perceived compentence or self-efficacy relating to given behavior increases the likelihood of performing it.
Mischel’s Uncertainty in Illness Theory
Focuses on the concept of uncertainty- a person’s inability to determine the meaning of illness-related events.
According to this theory, people develop subjective appraisal to assist them in interpreting the experience of illness and treatment.
Uncertainty occurs when people are unable to recognize and categorize stimuli.
Uncertainty results in the inability to obtain a clear conception of the situation, but a situation appraised as uncertain will mobilize individuals to use their resources to adapt to the situation.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
AKA self-efficacy theory,
Offers an explanation of human behavior using the concepts of self-efficacy and outcome explanations.
Self-efficacy concerns people’s belief in their own capacity to carry out particular behaviors.
Self-efficacy expectations influence the behaviors a person chooses to perform, their degree of perseverance, and the quality of the performance.
Four factors that influence a person’s cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy:
1) Their own mastery experience
2) verbal persuasion
3_ vicarious experience
4)physiologic and affective cues, such as pain and anxiety
The Transtheoretical Model
Has been the basis of numerous interventions designed to change people’s problem behaviors (e.g. alcohol abuse)
The core construct around which other dimensions are organized is STAGES OF CHANGE, which conceptualizes a continuum of motivational readiness to change dysfunctional behavior.
The five stages of change are: pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
Studies have shown that successful self-changers use different processes at each stage, suggesting the desirability of interventions that are individualized to the person’s stage of readiness for change.
The Health Belief Model
Popular Framework in nursing studies focused on patient compliance and preventive health practices
Postulates that health-seeking heaviors is influenced by a person’s perception of a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed at reducing the threat.
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and costs, motivation, and enabling or modifying factors
Motivation- desire to comply with the treatment.
Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF)
is used to understand factors influencing the bahviors of healthcare provessionals, as well as to facilite the design of interventions.
Is a framework with 14 domains derived from 33 behavior-change theories
Substansive theory
Descriptive theory
refer to a broad representation that can thoroughly describe a phenomenon. Describe or categorize characteristics of individuals, groups or situations by abstracting common features observed across multiple manifestations.
Play an important role in qualitative studies.
Descriptive- used to determine whether the relationship exists- SB
