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Human Anatomy > Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Axial Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Axial Division Flashcards

0
Q

Orbital surface

A
  • part of the mandible - provides protection for the eye and other structures in the orbit
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1
Q

Maxillae

A

The longest facial bones - paired - together form the upper jaw - articulate with all other facial bones, except the madible

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2
Q

Frontal process

A
  • part of the maxillae - articulates with the frontal bone of the cranium and with a nasal bone
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3
Q

Alveolar processes

A
  • formed by the oral margins of the maxillae - contain the upper teeth
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4
Q

Inferior orbital fissure

A
  • part of the maxillae - elongated - fissure w/n each orbit - lies between the maxillae and the sphenoid
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5
Q

Infra-orbital foremen

A
  • part of the maxillae - penetrates the orbital rim - marks the page of a major sensory nerve from the face
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6
Q

Infra-orbital groove

A
  • part of the maxillae - a groove marking the path of a major sensory nerve from the face -
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7
Q

Maxillary sinus

A
  • part of the maxillae - the largest sinuses in the skull - lighten the portion of the maxillae superior to the teeth - produce mucous secretions that flush the inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities
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8
Q

Palatine processes

A
  • part of the maxillae - form most of the hard palate of the mouth
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9
Q

Incisive fossa

A
  • part of the maxillae - fossa on the inferior midline of the palatal process - marks the opening of the incisive canals ( contains small arteries and nerves)
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10
Q

Palatine bones

A
  • small, paired, L shaped bones - one of the facial bones
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11
Q

Nasal bones

A
  • one of the facial bones - paired - articulate with the frontal bone at the midline of the face - cartilages associated with this structure form support the flexible portion of the nose (extend to the external nares)
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12
Q

External nares

A

The nasal openings

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13
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A
  • one of the facial bones - paired - scroll-like bones that resemble the conchae of the ethmoid - located on each side of the nasal septum - attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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14
Q

Zygomatic bones

A
  • one of the facial bones - singular - articulates With the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch (the cheekbone) - also forms the lateral rim of the orbit and contributes to the inferior orbital wall
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15
Q

Zygomaticofacial foremen

A
  • Associated with the zygomatic bone - a foremen on the anterior surface of each zygomatic bone - carries a sensory nerve innvervating the cheek
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16
Q

Lacrimal bones

A
  • one of the facial bones - the smallest bones of the skull - in the medial portion of each orbit - articulates with the frontal bone, the maxilla and the ethmoid
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17
Q

Lacrimal groove

A
  • associated with the lacrimal bones - a shallow depression - leads to a narrow passageway: the nasolacrimal canal
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18
Q

Vomer

A
  • one of the facial bones - singlular - forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum - articulates with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline - anteriorly supports a cartilaginous extension of the nasal septum that continues into the fleshy portion of the nose and separates the external nares
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19
Q

Nasal septum

A
  • wall separating the nose
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20
Q

Mandible

A
  • one of the facial bones - forms the entire lower jaw
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21
Q

Body

A
  • the horizontal portion of the mandible
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22
Q

Rami of the mandible

A
  • ascending portion of the mandible - supports the teeth
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23
Q

Angle of the mandible

A
  • where each ramus of the mandible meets the body of the mandible
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24
Q

Condylar processes

A
  • part of the mandible - extend to the smooth articular surface of the head of the mandible
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25
Q

Head of the mandible

A
  • part of the mandible - smooth articular surface - articulates with the mandibular fossae of the temporal bone at the TMJ
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26
Q

Coronoid processes

A
  • part of the mandible - where the temporal is muscle (one of the most forceful muscles involved in closing the mouth) inserts onto the mandible
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27
Q

Mental foramina

A
  • part of the mandible - a foramina penetrating the body on each side of the chin - nerves pass through this foramina carrying sensory information from the chin and the lower lips back to the brain
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28
Q

Mandibular notch

A
  • part of the mandible - the depression that lies between the condylar and Coronoid processes
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29
Q

Alveolar part of the mandible

A
  • part of the mandible - a thickened area that contains the alveoli and roots of the teeth
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30
Q

Mylohyoid line

A
  • associated with the mandible - lies on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible - marks the origin of he mylohyoid muscle that supports the floor of the mouth and the tongue
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31
Q

Submandibular fossa

A
  • part of the mandible - contains the submandibular salivary gland - a depression inferior mylohyoid line
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32
Q

Mandibular foremen

A
  • part of the mandible - a foremen leading to the mandibular canal
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33
Q

Mandibular canal

A
  • part of the mandible - a passageway for blood vessels and nerves that service the lower teeth - the nerve that uses this passageway carries sensory information from the teeth and gums
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34
Q

Orbits

A
  • the bony recesses that enclose and protect the eyes - contains the eyes, a lacrimal gland, adipose tissues, muscles that move the eye, blood vessels and nerves
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35
Q

Orbital complex

A
  • seven bones fit together to form this complex: the frontal bone, the maxilla, the lacrimal bone, he ethmoid , the sphenoid, the palatine and the zygomatic bone
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36
Q

Nasal complex

A
  • includes the bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavities and the para nasal sinuses - extends from the internal to he external nares
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37
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • part of the nasal complex - air-filled chambers that act as extensions of and open into the nasal cavities - lighten skull bones, produce mucous and resonate during sound production - includes: frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoidal air cells
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38
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • Suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments inferior to the skull -
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39
Q

Stylohyoid ligaments

A
  • connect the lesser horns of the hyoid bone with the skull
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40
Q

Greater horns of the hyoid bone

A
  • part of the hyoid bone which helps support the larynx and serves as the base for muscles that move the tongue
41
Q

Lesser horns of the hyoid bone

A
  • connected to the stylohyoid ligaments
42
Q

Fontanels

A
  • the largest fibrous regions between the cranial bones in infants
43
Q

Vertebral columns

A
  • consists of 26 bones, including the vertebrae (24), the sacrum and the coccyx - provides a column of support, bearing the weight of the head, neck and trunk - transfers the weight to the appendicular skeleton of lower limbs
44
Q

Spinal curves

A
  • 4: the cervical curve, the thoracic curve, the lumbar curve and the sacral curve
45
Q

Primary curvatures

A
  • the thoracic and sacral curves - appear late in fetal development - also called accommodation curves because they accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera
46
Q

Accommodation curvatures

A
  • the thoracic and sacral curves - also called the primary curvatures because they occur late in development
47
Q

Secondary curvatures

A
  • the lumbar and cervical curves - do not appear until several months after birth - also called the compensatory curves because they help shift the trunk weight over the legs as the child begins to stand
48
Q

Compensation curvatures

A
  • also called the secondary curvatures
49
Q

Vertebral body

A
  • or centrum - the part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column
50
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
  • pads of fibrous cartilage separated adjacent vertebral bodies
51
Q

Vertebral arch

A
  • the neural arch - forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen
52
Q

Pedicles

A
  • part of the vertebral arch - arise along the posterolateral margins of the body (of the vertebrae)
53
Q

Laminae

A
  • part of the vertebral arch - end of either side if the arch dorsomedially to complete the roof of the arch
54
Q

Spinous process

A
  • part of the vertebral arch - from the fusion of the laminae, projects dorsally and posteriorly from the midline - can be see and felt through the skin of the back
55
Q

Transverse processes

A
  • part of the vertebral arch - project laterally or dorsolaterally on both sides from the point where the laminae join the pedicles - are sites of muscle attachment - May also articulate with the ribs
56
Q

Articular processes

A
  • part of the vertebrae - arise at the junction between the pedicles and laminae - a superior and inferior one
57
Q

Superior articular processes

A
  • the articular process that projects cranially
58
Q

Inferior articular process

A
  • the articular process that projects caudally
59
Q

Articular facet

A
  • related to vertebral articulation - a polished surface - the superior processes have them on their dorsal surfaces and he inferior processes on the ventral surfaces
60
Q

Vertebral canal

A
  • related to vertebral articulation - formed by the vertebral arches of the vertebral column - a space that encloses the spinal cord
61
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A
  • related to vertebral articulation - permit the passage of nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord - gaps between the pedicles of successive vertebrae
62
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • the smallest of the vertebrae - extend from the occipital bone of the skull to the thorax - 7 - support the skull, stabilize the relative positions of the brain and spinal cord, allow controlled head movement
63
Q

Costal processes

A
  • part of the cervical vertebrae - processes originating near the ventrolateral portion of the vertebral body - represent the fused remnants of cervical ribs
64
Q

Transverse foramina

A
  • enclosed by the costal and transverse processes - part of the cervical vertebrae - passageways protecting the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins (important blood vessels supplying the brain)
65
Q

Atlas

A
  • C1 - articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull - holds up he head
66
Q

Axis

A
  • C2 - permits the turning of the head from side to side
67
Q

Vertebra prominens

A
  • C7 - the interface between the cervical curve and the thoracic curve - a long slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle than can be felt beneath the skin at the base of the neck
68
Q

Ligamentum nuchae

A
  • attached to C7 - a large elastic ligament - begins at the vertebra prominens and extends cranially to an insertion along the external occipital crest - attaches to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
69
Q

Whiplash

A
  • A dangerous partial or complete dislocation of the cervical vertebrae, with injury to muscles and ligaments and potential injury to the spinal cord - the movement of the head resembles the cracking of a whip
70
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 12 vertebrae - medium sized - heart shaped - flat faces - facets for articulation with the ribs - small foramen - tip of the spinous process points inferiorly - supports the weight of the had, neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic cavity; articulate w ribs to allow changes in the volume of the thoracic cage
71
Q

Superior and inferior costal facets

A
  • on T1 - T8 - allow the vertebrae to articulate with two pairs of ribs
72
Q

Transverse costal facets

A
  • T1 - T10 - contained on the anteriorlateral surfaces of the transverse processes of the vertebrae - for articulation with the tubercles of ribs
73
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • the largest of the vertebrae - oval - flat faces - smallest vertebral foramen - blunt spinous process, broad tip points posteriorly - shot transverse process w no articular facets or transverse foramen - supports the weight of the head , neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
74
Q

Sacrum

A
  • the fused components of five sacral vertebrae - protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs - provides a broad surface area for the attachment of muscles (thigh)
75
Q

Sacral promontory

A
  • prominent bulge at the anterior tip of the base of the sacrum - an important landmark in females during pelvic exams and during labour and delivery
76
Q

Superior articular processes

A
  • part of the sacrum - form synovial articulations between the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebrae
77
Q

Sacral canal

A
  • begins between the superior articular processes and extends the length of the sacrum - nerves and membranes that line the vertebral canal in the spinal cord continue into the sacral canal
78
Q

Medial sacral crest

A
  • a series of elevations on the spinous processes of the five fused sacral vertebrae
79
Q

Sacral cornua

A
  • part of the sacrum - formed where the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra fails to contact one another at the midline
80
Q

Sacral hiatus

A
  • the end of the sacral canal
81
Q

Sacral foramina

A
  • on either side of the median sacral crest
82
Q

Coccyx

A
  • consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae - provides an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal canal
83
Q

Thoracic cage

A
  • the skeleton of the chest - consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the sternum
84
Q

Costae

A
  • the ribs
85
Q

Rib cage

A
  • the ribs and the sternum - supports the walls of the thoracic cavity
86
Q

True ribs

A
  • the first seven pairs of ribs - vertebrosternal ribs - connected to the sternum
87
Q

Costal cartilages

A
  • connect the ribs to the sternum
88
Q

False ribs

A
  • ribs 8 - 12- vertebrochondral ribs - do not attach to the sternum - fuse together before reaching the sternum -
89
Q

Floating ribs

A
  • ribs 11 & 12 - no connection to the sternum
90
Q

The head of he rib

A
  • capitulum - part of the rib articulating w the body of a thoracic vertebrae or been adjacent vertebral bodies
91
Q

Neck of the rib

A
  • the shortest part of the rib
92
Q

Tubercle of the rib

A
  • part of the rib projecting dorsally - inferior portion contains an articular facet that contacts the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
93
Q

Angle of the rib

A
  • the bend of the rib - indicates the site where the tubular body of the rib begins curving towards the sternum
94
Q

Body of the rib

A
  • part of the rib that curves towards the sternum
95
Q

Costal groove

A
  • part of the rib - marks the path of nerves and blood vessels
96
Q

Sternum

A
  • a flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the thoracic wall -
97
Q

Manubrium

A
  • the widest and most superior portion of the sternum - articulates with the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs
98
Q

Jugular notch

A
  • the shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium- located btwn the clavicular surfaces
99
Q

Body of the sternum

A
  • tongue shaped portion of the sternum - attaches on the anterior surface of the manubrium - attaches to rib pairs 8 - 10
100
Q

Xiphoid process

A
  • the smallest part of the sternum - the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle attach here

Human Anatomy (2 decks)

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