Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Axial Division Flashcards
0
Q
Orbital surface
A
- part of the mandible - provides protection for the eye and other structures in the orbit
1
Q
Maxillae
A
The longest facial bones - paired - together form the upper jaw - articulate with all other facial bones, except the madible
2
Q
Frontal process
A
- part of the maxillae - articulates with the frontal bone of the cranium and with a nasal bone
3
Q
Alveolar processes
A
- formed by the oral margins of the maxillae - contain the upper teeth
4
Q
Inferior orbital fissure
A
- part of the maxillae - elongated - fissure w/n each orbit - lies between the maxillae and the sphenoid
5
Q
Infra-orbital foremen
A
- part of the maxillae - penetrates the orbital rim - marks the page of a major sensory nerve from the face
6
Q
Infra-orbital groove
A
- part of the maxillae - a groove marking the path of a major sensory nerve from the face -
7
Q
Maxillary sinus
A
- part of the maxillae - the largest sinuses in the skull - lighten the portion of the maxillae superior to the teeth - produce mucous secretions that flush the inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities
8
Q
Palatine processes
A
- part of the maxillae - form most of the hard palate of the mouth
9
Q
Incisive fossa
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- part of the maxillae - fossa on the inferior midline of the palatal process - marks the opening of the incisive canals ( contains small arteries and nerves)
10
Q
Palatine bones
A
- small, paired, L shaped bones - one of the facial bones
11
Q
Nasal bones
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- one of the facial bones - paired - articulate with the frontal bone at the midline of the face - cartilages associated with this structure form support the flexible portion of the nose (extend to the external nares)
12
Q
External nares
A
The nasal openings
13
Q
Inferior nasal conchae
A
- one of the facial bones - paired - scroll-like bones that resemble the conchae of the ethmoid - located on each side of the nasal septum - attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
14
Q
Zygomatic bones
A
- one of the facial bones - singular - articulates With the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch (the cheekbone) - also forms the lateral rim of the orbit and contributes to the inferior orbital wall
15
Q
Zygomaticofacial foremen
A
- Associated with the zygomatic bone - a foremen on the anterior surface of each zygomatic bone - carries a sensory nerve innvervating the cheek
16
Q
Lacrimal bones
A
- one of the facial bones - the smallest bones of the skull - in the medial portion of each orbit - articulates with the frontal bone, the maxilla and the ethmoid
17
Q
Lacrimal groove
A
- associated with the lacrimal bones - a shallow depression - leads to a narrow passageway: the nasolacrimal canal
18
Q
Vomer
A
- one of the facial bones - singlular - forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum - articulates with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline - anteriorly supports a cartilaginous extension of the nasal septum that continues into the fleshy portion of the nose and separates the external nares
19
Q
Nasal septum
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- wall separating the nose
20
Q
Mandible
A
- one of the facial bones - forms the entire lower jaw
21
Q
Body
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- the horizontal portion of the mandible
22
Q
Rami of the mandible
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- ascending portion of the mandible - supports the teeth
23
Q
Angle of the mandible
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- where each ramus of the mandible meets the body of the mandible
24
Q
Condylar processes
A
- part of the mandible - extend to the smooth articular surface of the head of the mandible
25
Q
Head of the mandible
A
- part of the mandible - smooth articular surface - articulates with the mandibular fossae of the temporal bone at the TMJ
26
Q
Coronoid processes
A
- part of the mandible - where the temporal is muscle (one of the most forceful muscles involved in closing the mouth) inserts onto the mandible
27
Q
Mental foramina
A
- part of the mandible - a foramina penetrating the body on each side of the chin - nerves pass through this foramina carrying sensory information from the chin and the lower lips back to the brain
28
Q
Mandibular notch
A
- part of the mandible - the depression that lies between the condylar and Coronoid processes
29
Q
Alveolar part of the mandible
A
- part of the mandible - a thickened area that contains the alveoli and roots of the teeth
30
Q
Mylohyoid line
A
- associated with the mandible - lies on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible - marks the origin of he mylohyoid muscle that supports the floor of the mouth and the tongue
31
Q
Submandibular fossa
A
- part of the mandible - contains the submandibular salivary gland - a depression inferior mylohyoid line
32
Q
Mandibular foremen
A
- part of the mandible - a foremen leading to the mandibular canal
33
Q
Mandibular canal
A
- part of the mandible - a passageway for blood vessels and nerves that service the lower teeth - the nerve that uses this passageway carries sensory information from the teeth and gums
34
Q
Orbits
A
- the bony recesses that enclose and protect the eyes - contains the eyes, a lacrimal gland, adipose tissues, muscles that move the eye, blood vessels and nerves
35
Q
Orbital complex
A
- seven bones fit together to form this complex: the frontal bone, the maxilla, the lacrimal bone, he ethmoid , the sphenoid, the palatine and the zygomatic bone
36
Q
Nasal complex
A
- includes the bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavities and the para nasal sinuses - extends from the internal to he external nares
37
Q
Paranasal sinuses
A
- part of the nasal complex - air-filled chambers that act as extensions of and open into the nasal cavities - lighten skull bones, produce mucous and resonate during sound production - includes: frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoidal air cells
38
Q
Hyoid bone
A
- Suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments inferior to the skull -
39
Q
Stylohyoid ligaments
A
- connect the lesser horns of the hyoid bone with the skull
40
Q
Greater horns of the hyoid bone
A
- part of the hyoid bone which helps support the larynx and serves as the base for muscles that move the tongue
41
Q
Lesser horns of the hyoid bone
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- connected to the stylohyoid ligaments
42
Q
Fontanels
A
- the largest fibrous regions between the cranial bones in infants
43
Q
Vertebral columns
A
- consists of 26 bones, including the vertebrae (24), the sacrum and the coccyx - provides a column of support, bearing the weight of the head, neck and trunk - transfers the weight to the appendicular skeleton of lower limbs
44
Q
Spinal curves
A
- 4: the cervical curve, the thoracic curve, the lumbar curve and the sacral curve
45
Q
Primary curvatures
A
- the thoracic and sacral curves - appear late in fetal development - also called accommodation curves because they accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera
46
Q
Accommodation curvatures
A
- the thoracic and sacral curves - also called the primary curvatures because they occur late in development
47
Q
Secondary curvatures
A
- the lumbar and cervical curves - do not appear until several months after birth - also called the compensatory curves because they help shift the trunk weight over the legs as the child begins to stand
48
Q
Compensation curvatures
A
- also called the secondary curvatures
49
Q
Vertebral body
A
- or centrum - the part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column
50
Q
Intervertebral discs
A
- pads of fibrous cartilage separated adjacent vertebral bodies
51
Q
Vertebral arch
A
- the neural arch - forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen
52
Q
Pedicles
A
- part of the vertebral arch - arise along the posterolateral margins of the body (of the vertebrae)
53
Q
Laminae
A
- part of the vertebral arch - end of either side if the arch dorsomedially to complete the roof of the arch
54
Q
Spinous process
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- part of the vertebral arch - from the fusion of the laminae, projects dorsally and posteriorly from the midline - can be see and felt through the skin of the back
55
Q
Transverse processes
A
- part of the vertebral arch - project laterally or dorsolaterally on both sides from the point where the laminae join the pedicles - are sites of muscle attachment - May also articulate with the ribs
56
Q
Articular processes
A
- part of the vertebrae - arise at the junction between the pedicles and laminae - a superior and inferior one
57
Q
Superior articular processes
A
- the articular process that projects cranially
58
Q
Inferior articular process
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- the articular process that projects caudally
59
Q
Articular facet
A
- related to vertebral articulation - a polished surface - the superior processes have them on their dorsal surfaces and he inferior processes on the ventral surfaces
60
Q
Vertebral canal
A
- related to vertebral articulation - formed by the vertebral arches of the vertebral column - a space that encloses the spinal cord
61
Q
Intervertebral foramina
A
- related to vertebral articulation - permit the passage of nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord - gaps between the pedicles of successive vertebrae
62
Q
Cervical vertebrae
A
- the smallest of the vertebrae - extend from the occipital bone of the skull to the thorax - 7 - support the skull, stabilize the relative positions of the brain and spinal cord, allow controlled head movement
63
Q
Costal processes
A
- part of the cervical vertebrae - processes originating near the ventrolateral portion of the vertebral body - represent the fused remnants of cervical ribs
64
Q
Transverse foramina
A
- enclosed by the costal and transverse processes - part of the cervical vertebrae - passageways protecting the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins (important blood vessels supplying the brain)
65
Q
Atlas
A
- C1 - articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull - holds up he head
66
Q
Axis
A
- C2 - permits the turning of the head from side to side
67
Q
Vertebra prominens
A
- C7 - the interface between the cervical curve and the thoracic curve - a long slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle than can be felt beneath the skin at the base of the neck
68
Q
Ligamentum nuchae
A
- attached to C7 - a large elastic ligament - begins at the vertebra prominens and extends cranially to an insertion along the external occipital crest - attaches to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
69
Q
Whiplash
A
- A dangerous partial or complete dislocation of the cervical vertebrae, with injury to muscles and ligaments and potential injury to the spinal cord - the movement of the head resembles the cracking of a whip
70
Q
Thoracic vertebrae
A
- 12 vertebrae - medium sized - heart shaped - flat faces - facets for articulation with the ribs - small foramen - tip of the spinous process points inferiorly - supports the weight of the had, neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic cavity; articulate w ribs to allow changes in the volume of the thoracic cage
71
Q
Superior and inferior costal facets
A
- on T1 - T8 - allow the vertebrae to articulate with two pairs of ribs
72
Q
Transverse costal facets
A
- T1 - T10 - contained on the anteriorlateral surfaces of the transverse processes of the vertebrae - for articulation with the tubercles of ribs
73
Q
Lumbar vertebrae
A
- the largest of the vertebrae - oval - flat faces - smallest vertebral foramen - blunt spinous process, broad tip points posteriorly - shot transverse process w no articular facets or transverse foramen - supports the weight of the head , neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
74
Q
Sacrum
A
- the fused components of five sacral vertebrae - protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs - provides a broad surface area for the attachment of muscles (thigh)
75
Q
Sacral promontory
A
- prominent bulge at the anterior tip of the base of the sacrum - an important landmark in females during pelvic exams and during labour and delivery
76
Q
Superior articular processes
A
- part of the sacrum - form synovial articulations between the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebrae
77
Q
Sacral canal
A
- begins between the superior articular processes and extends the length of the sacrum - nerves and membranes that line the vertebral canal in the spinal cord continue into the sacral canal
78
Q
Medial sacral crest
A
- a series of elevations on the spinous processes of the five fused sacral vertebrae
79
Q
Sacral cornua
A
- part of the sacrum - formed where the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra fails to contact one another at the midline
80
Q
Sacral hiatus
A
- the end of the sacral canal
81
Q
Sacral foramina
A
- on either side of the median sacral crest
82
Q
Coccyx
A
- consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae - provides an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal canal
83
Q
Thoracic cage
A
- the skeleton of the chest - consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the sternum
84
Q
Costae
A
- the ribs
85
Q
Rib cage
A
- the ribs and the sternum - supports the walls of the thoracic cavity
86
Q
True ribs
A
- the first seven pairs of ribs - vertebrosternal ribs - connected to the sternum
87
Q
Costal cartilages
A
- connect the ribs to the sternum
88
Q
False ribs
A
- ribs 8 - 12- vertebrochondral ribs - do not attach to the sternum - fuse together before reaching the sternum -
89
Q
Floating ribs
A
- ribs 11 & 12 - no connection to the sternum
90
Q
The head of he rib
A
- capitulum - part of the rib articulating w the body of a thoracic vertebrae or been adjacent vertebral bodies
91
Q
Neck of the rib
A
- the shortest part of the rib
92
Q
Tubercle of the rib
A
- part of the rib projecting dorsally - inferior portion contains an articular facet that contacts the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
93
Q
Angle of the rib
A
- the bend of the rib - indicates the site where the tubular body of the rib begins curving towards the sternum
94
Q
Body of the rib
A
- part of the rib that curves towards the sternum
95
Q
Costal groove
A
- part of the rib - marks the path of nerves and blood vessels
96
Q
Sternum
A
- a flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the thoracic wall -
97
Q
Manubrium
A
- the widest and most superior portion of the sternum - articulates with the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs
98
Q
Jugular notch
A
- the shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium- located btwn the clavicular surfaces
99
Q
Body of the sternum
A
- tongue shaped portion of the sternum - attaches on the anterior surface of the manubrium - attaches to rib pairs 8 - 10
100
Q
Xiphoid process
A
- the smallest part of the sternum - the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle attach here
