Chapter 6 - The Skeletal System: Axial Division Flashcards
(101 cards)
0
Q
Orbital surface
A
- part of the mandible - provides protection for the eye and other structures in the orbit
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Maxillae
A
The longest facial bones - paired - together form the upper jaw - articulate with all other facial bones, except the madible
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Frontal process
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- part of the maxillae - articulates with the frontal bone of the cranium and with a nasal bone
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Alveolar processes
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- formed by the oral margins of the maxillae - contain the upper teeth
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Inferior orbital fissure
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- part of the maxillae - elongated - fissure w/n each orbit - lies between the maxillae and the sphenoid
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Infra-orbital foremen
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- part of the maxillae - penetrates the orbital rim - marks the page of a major sensory nerve from the face
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Infra-orbital groove
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- part of the maxillae - a groove marking the path of a major sensory nerve from the face -
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Maxillary sinus
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- part of the maxillae - the largest sinuses in the skull - lighten the portion of the maxillae superior to the teeth - produce mucous secretions that flush the inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities
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Palatine processes
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- part of the maxillae - form most of the hard palate of the mouth
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Incisive fossa
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- part of the maxillae - fossa on the inferior midline of the palatal process - marks the opening of the incisive canals ( contains small arteries and nerves)
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Palatine bones
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- small, paired, L shaped bones - one of the facial bones
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Nasal bones
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- one of the facial bones - paired - articulate with the frontal bone at the midline of the face - cartilages associated with this structure form support the flexible portion of the nose (extend to the external nares)
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External nares
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The nasal openings
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Inferior nasal conchae
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- one of the facial bones - paired - scroll-like bones that resemble the conchae of the ethmoid - located on each side of the nasal septum - attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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Zygomatic bones
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- one of the facial bones - singular - articulates With the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch (the cheekbone) - also forms the lateral rim of the orbit and contributes to the inferior orbital wall
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Zygomaticofacial foremen
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- Associated with the zygomatic bone - a foremen on the anterior surface of each zygomatic bone - carries a sensory nerve innvervating the cheek
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Lacrimal bones
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- one of the facial bones - the smallest bones of the skull - in the medial portion of each orbit - articulates with the frontal bone, the maxilla and the ethmoid
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Lacrimal groove
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- associated with the lacrimal bones - a shallow depression - leads to a narrow passageway: the nasolacrimal canal
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Vomer
A
- one of the facial bones - singlular - forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum - articulates with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline - anteriorly supports a cartilaginous extension of the nasal septum that continues into the fleshy portion of the nose and separates the external nares
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Nasal septum
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- wall separating the nose
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Mandible
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- one of the facial bones - forms the entire lower jaw
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Body
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- the horizontal portion of the mandible
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Rami of the mandible
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- ascending portion of the mandible - supports the teeth
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Angle of the mandible
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- where each ramus of the mandible meets the body of the mandible
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Condylar processes
- part of the mandible - extend to the smooth articular surface of the head of the mandible
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Head of the mandible
- part of the mandible - smooth articular surface - articulates with the mandibular fossae of the temporal bone at the TMJ
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Coronoid processes
- part of the mandible - where the temporal is muscle (one of the most forceful muscles involved in closing the mouth) inserts onto the mandible
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Mental foramina
- part of the mandible - a foramina penetrating the body on each side of the chin - nerves pass through this foramina carrying sensory information from the chin and the lower lips back to the brain
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Mandibular notch
- part of the mandible - the depression that lies between the condylar and Coronoid processes
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Alveolar part of the mandible
- part of the mandible - a thickened area that contains the alveoli and roots of the teeth
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Mylohyoid line
- associated with the mandible - lies on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible - marks the origin of he mylohyoid muscle that supports the floor of the mouth and the tongue
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Submandibular fossa
- part of the mandible - contains the submandibular salivary gland - a depression inferior mylohyoid line
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Mandibular foremen
- part of the mandible - a foremen leading to the mandibular canal
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Mandibular canal
- part of the mandible - a passageway for blood vessels and nerves that service the lower teeth - the nerve that uses this passageway carries sensory information from the teeth and gums
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Orbits
- the bony recesses that enclose and protect the eyes - contains the eyes, a lacrimal gland, adipose tissues, muscles that move the eye, blood vessels and nerves
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Orbital complex
- seven bones fit together to form this complex: the frontal bone, the maxilla, the lacrimal bone, he ethmoid , the sphenoid, the palatine and the zygomatic bone
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Nasal complex
- includes the bones and cartilage that enclose the nasal cavities and the para nasal sinuses - extends from the internal to he external nares
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Paranasal sinuses
- part of the nasal complex - air-filled chambers that act as extensions of and open into the nasal cavities - lighten skull bones, produce mucous and resonate during sound production - includes: frontal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoidal air cells
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Hyoid bone
- Suspended by the stylohyoid ligaments inferior to the skull -
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Stylohyoid ligaments
- connect the lesser horns of the hyoid bone with the skull
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Greater horns of the hyoid bone
- part of the hyoid bone which helps support the larynx and serves as the base for muscles that move the tongue
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Lesser horns of the hyoid bone
- connected to the stylohyoid ligaments
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Fontanels
- the largest fibrous regions between the cranial bones in infants
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Vertebral columns
- consists of 26 bones, including the vertebrae (24), the sacrum and the coccyx - provides a column of support, bearing the weight of the head, neck and trunk - transfers the weight to the appendicular skeleton of lower limbs
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Spinal curves
- 4: the cervical curve, the thoracic curve, the lumbar curve and the sacral curve
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Primary curvatures
- the thoracic and sacral curves - appear late in fetal development - also called accommodation curves because they accommodate the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera
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Accommodation curvatures
- the thoracic and sacral curves - also called the primary curvatures because they occur late in development
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Secondary curvatures
- the lumbar and cervical curves - do not appear until several months after birth - also called the compensatory curves because they help shift the trunk weight over the legs as the child begins to stand
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Compensation curvatures
- also called the secondary curvatures
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Vertebral body
- or centrum - the part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column
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Intervertebral discs
- pads of fibrous cartilage separated adjacent vertebral bodies
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Vertebral arch
- the neural arch - forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen
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Pedicles
- part of the vertebral arch - arise along the posterolateral margins of the body (of the vertebrae)
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Laminae
- part of the vertebral arch - end of either side if the arch dorsomedially to complete the roof of the arch
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Spinous process
- part of the vertebral arch - from the fusion of the laminae, projects dorsally and posteriorly from the midline - can be see and felt through the skin of the back
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Transverse processes
- part of the vertebral arch - project laterally or dorsolaterally on both sides from the point where the laminae join the pedicles - are sites of muscle attachment - May also articulate with the ribs
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Articular processes
- part of the vertebrae - arise at the junction between the pedicles and laminae - a superior and inferior one
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Superior articular processes
- the articular process that projects cranially
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Inferior articular process
- the articular process that projects caudally
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Articular facet
- related to vertebral articulation - a polished surface - the superior processes have them on their dorsal surfaces and he inferior processes on the ventral surfaces
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Vertebral canal
- related to vertebral articulation - formed by the vertebral arches of the vertebral column - a space that encloses the spinal cord
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Intervertebral foramina
- related to vertebral articulation - permit the passage of nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord - gaps between the pedicles of successive vertebrae
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Cervical vertebrae
- the smallest of the vertebrae - extend from the occipital bone of the skull to the thorax - 7 - support the skull, stabilize the relative positions of the brain and spinal cord, allow controlled head movement
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Costal processes
- part of the cervical vertebrae - processes originating near the ventrolateral portion of the vertebral body - represent the fused remnants of cervical ribs
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Transverse foramina
- enclosed by the costal and transverse processes - part of the cervical vertebrae - passageways protecting the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins (important blood vessels supplying the brain)
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Atlas
- C1 - articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull - holds up he head
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Axis
- C2 - permits the turning of the head from side to side
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Vertebra prominens
- C7 - the interface between the cervical curve and the thoracic curve - a long slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle than can be felt beneath the skin at the base of the neck
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Ligamentum nuchae
- attached to C7 - a large elastic ligament - begins at the vertebra prominens and extends cranially to an insertion along the external occipital crest - attaches to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
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Whiplash
- A dangerous partial or complete dislocation of the cervical vertebrae, with injury to muscles and ligaments and potential injury to the spinal cord - the movement of the head resembles the cracking of a whip
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Thoracic vertebrae
- 12 vertebrae - medium sized - heart shaped - flat faces - facets for articulation with the ribs - small foramen - tip of the spinous process points inferiorly - supports the weight of the had, neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic cavity; articulate w ribs to allow changes in the volume of the thoracic cage
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Superior and inferior costal facets
- on T1 - T8 - allow the vertebrae to articulate with two pairs of ribs
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Transverse costal facets
- T1 - T10 - contained on the anteriorlateral surfaces of the transverse processes of the vertebrae - for articulation with the tubercles of ribs
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Lumbar vertebrae
- the largest of the vertebrae - oval - flat faces - smallest vertebral foramen - blunt spinous process, broad tip points posteriorly - shot transverse process w no articular facets or transverse foramen - supports the weight of the head , neck, upper limbs, organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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Sacrum
- the fused components of five sacral vertebrae - protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs - provides a broad surface area for the attachment of muscles (thigh)
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Sacral promontory
- prominent bulge at the anterior tip of the base of the sacrum - an important landmark in females during pelvic exams and during labour and delivery
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Superior articular processes
- part of the sacrum - form synovial articulations between the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebrae
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Sacral canal
- begins between the superior articular processes and extends the length of the sacrum - nerves and membranes that line the vertebral canal in the spinal cord continue into the sacral canal
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Medial sacral crest
- a series of elevations on the spinous processes of the five fused sacral vertebrae
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Sacral cornua
- part of the sacrum - formed where the laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra fails to contact one another at the midline
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Sacral hiatus
- the end of the sacral canal
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Sacral foramina
- on either side of the median sacral crest
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Coccyx
- consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae - provides an attachment site for a number of ligaments and for a muscle that constricts the anal canal
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Thoracic cage
- the skeleton of the chest - consists of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and the sternum
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Costae
- the ribs
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Rib cage
- the ribs and the sternum - supports the walls of the thoracic cavity
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True ribs
- the first seven pairs of ribs - vertebrosternal ribs - connected to the sternum
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Costal cartilages
- connect the ribs to the sternum
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False ribs
- ribs 8 - 12- vertebrochondral ribs - do not attach to the sternum - fuse together before reaching the sternum -
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Floating ribs
- ribs 11 & 12 - no connection to the sternum
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The head of he rib
- capitulum - part of the rib articulating w the body of a thoracic vertebrae or been adjacent vertebral bodies
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Neck of the rib
- the shortest part of the rib
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Tubercle of the rib
- part of the rib projecting dorsally - inferior portion contains an articular facet that contacts the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
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Angle of the rib
- the bend of the rib - indicates the site where the tubular body of the rib begins curving towards the sternum
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Body of the rib
- part of the rib that curves towards the sternum
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Costal groove
- part of the rib - marks the path of nerves and blood vessels
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Sternum
- a flat bone that forms in the anterior midline of the thoracic wall -
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Manubrium
- the widest and most superior portion of the sternum - articulates with the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs
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Jugular notch
- the shallow indentation on the superior surface of the manubrium- located btwn the clavicular surfaces
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Body of the sternum
- tongue shaped portion of the sternum - attaches on the anterior surface of the manubrium - attaches to rib pairs 8 - 10
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Xiphoid process
- the smallest part of the sternum - the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle attach here
