Chapter 10 - The Muscular System: Axial Musculature Flashcards
Posterior belly
- anterior muscle of the neck - digastric - origin: from mastoid region of temporal bone - insertion: hyoid bone - action: depresses mandible, opens mouth, elevates the larynx
Anterior belly
- anterior muscle of the neck - digastric - origin: inferior surface of mandible at the chin - insertion: hyoid bone - action: depresses mandible, opens mouth, elevates the larynx
Geniohyoid
- anterior muscle of the neck - origin: medial surface of mandible at chin - insertion: hyoid bone - action: depresses the mandible, opens the mouth, elevates the larynx, retracts hyoid bone
Mylohyoid
- anterior muscle of her neck - origin: mylohyoid line of the mandible - insertion: median connective tissue band than runs to hyoid bone - action: elevates floor of the mouth, elevates hyoid bone, depresses the mandible
Occipofrontalis - Frontal belly
Region: scalp
Origin: epicranial aponeurosis
Insertion: skin of eyebrow and bridge of nose
Action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
Innervation: Facial Nerve N VII
Occipitofrontalis - occipital belly
Origin: superior nuchal line and adjacent region of mastoid portion of the temporal bone
Insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
Action: tenses and retracts scalp
Innervation: Facial Nerve N VII
Temporoparietalis
Region: scalp Origin: fascia around external ear Insertion: epicranial aponeurosis Action: tenses scalp, moves auricle of ear Innervation: Facial Nerve N VII
Temporalis
Zz
Orbicularis oris
Region: mouth Origin: maxilla and mandible Insertion: lips Action: compresses, purses lips Innervation: Facial Nerve N VII
Orbicularis oculi
Region: eye Origin: medial margin of orbit Insertion: skin around the eyelids Action: closes eye Innervation: facial nerve N VII
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral surface and angle of mandibular ramus
Action: elevates mandible and closes jaws; assists in protracting and retracting the mandible and moving mandible side to side
Innervation: terminal nerve N V, mandibular branch
Buccinator
Region: mouth
Origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible opposite the molar teeth
Insertion: blends into the fibres of orbicularis oris
Action: compresses cheeks
Innervation: facial nerve N VII
Temporalis
Origin: along temporal lines of skull
Insertion: Coronoid processes of mandible and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus
Action: elevates the mandible and closes jaw; assists in retracting and moving mandible from side to side
Innervation: terminal nerve N V, mandibular branch
Medial pterygoid
Origin: lateral pterygoid plate and adjacent portions of palatine bone and maxilla
Insertion: medial surface of mandibular ramus
Action: elevates the mandible and closes the jaw, or moves mandible side to side
Innervation: terminal nerve N V, mandibular branch
Lateral pterygoid
Origin: lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of the sphenoid
Insertion: anterior part of the neck of the mandibular condyle
Action: opens the jaw, protrudes he mandible, or moves mandible side to side
Innervation: terminal nerve, N V, mandibular branch
Stylohyoid
Region: anterior muscles of the neck Origin: styloid process of temporal bone Insertion: hyoid bone Action: elevates the larynx Innervation: facial nerve N VII
Sternocleidomastoid
Region: anterior muscles of the neck
Origin: clavicular head attaches to the sternal end of the clavicle; sternal head attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
Insertion: mastoid region of skull and lateral portion of the superior nuchal line
Longus capitis
Region: vertebral column
Group: spinal flexors
Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Insertion: base of the occipital bone
Action: together the two sides flex the neck - alone each rotates head to that side
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Longus colli
Region: vertebral column
Group: spinal flexors
Origin: anterior surfaces of cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae
Action: flexes and rotates necks; limits hyper extension
Splenius - capitis and cervicis
Region: vertebral column
Group: superficial layer
Origin: spinous processes and ligaments connecting inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone of skull, superior cervical vertebrae
Action: the two sides act together to extend neck; either alone rotates and laterally the neck to that side
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Spinalis cervicis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - Spinalis group
Origin: inferior portion of Ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: spinous process of axis
Action: extends the neck
Innervation: cervical spinal nerve
Spinalis thoracis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - Spinalis group
Origin: spinous processes of inferior thoracic and superior lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: spinous processes of superior thoracic vertebrae
Action: extends vertebral column
Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Longissimus capitis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - Longissimus group
Origin: transverse processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone
Action: the two sides act together to extend neck; either alone rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side
Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Longissimus cervicis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - longissimus
Origin: transverse processes of superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: transverse processes of middle and superior cervical vertebrae
Action: the two sides act together to extend neck; either alone rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side
Lomgissimus thoracic
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - Longissimus
Origin: broad aponeurosis and at transverse processes of inferior thoracic and superior lumbar vertebrae; joins iliocostalis
Insertion: transverse processes of superior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and inferior surfaces of lower 10 ribs
Action: extension of vertebral column; alone, each produces lateral flexion to that side
Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Iliocostalis cervicis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - iliocostalis
Origin: superior borders of the vertebrosternal ribs near the angles
Insertion: transverse processes of middle and inferior cervical vertebrae
Action: extends or laterally flexes the neck, elevates the ribs
Innervation: cervical and superior thoracic spinal nerves
Iliocostalis thoracis
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - iliocostalis
Origin: superior borders of ribs 6 - 12 medial to the angles
Insertion: superior ribs and transverse processes of last cervical vertebra
Action: stabilizes thoracic vertebrae
Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves
Iliocostalis lumborum
Region: vertebral column
Group: intermediate layer - erector spinae - iliocostalis
Origin: iliac crest, sacral crest, and lumbar spinous processes
Insertion: inferior surfaces of ribs 6 - 12 near their angles
Action: extends vertebral column, depresses the ribs
Innervation: inferior thoracic nerves and lumbar spinal nerves
Semispinalis capitis
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis - Semispinalis
Origin: processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone, between nuchal lines
Action: together the two sides extend neck; alone, each extends and laterally flexes neck and turns head
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Semispinalis cervicis
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis - Semispinalis
Origin: transverse processes of T1 - T5
Insertion: spinous processes of C2 - C5
Action: extends vertebral column and rotates twrds the opposite side
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
Semispinalis thoracis
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis - Semispinalis
Origin: transverse process of T6 - T10
Insertion: spinous process of C5 - T4
Action: extends vertebral column and rotates twrd opposite side
Innvervation: thoracic spinal nerves
Multifidus
Region: vertebral column
Origin: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis
Origin: sacrum and transverse process of each vertebra
Insertion: spinous process of the third or fourth more superior vertebra
Action: extends vertebral column and rotates towards the opposite side
Rotatores - cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis
Origin: transverse processes of the vertebrae I each region - cervical, thoracic and lumbar
Insertion: spinous processes of adjacent, more superior vertebrae
Action: extends vertebral column
Innvervation: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves
Interspinales
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transversopinalis
Origin: spinous process of each vertebrae
Insertion: spinous processes of more superior vertebra
Action: extends vertebral column
Innvervation: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves
Intertransversarii
Region: vertebral column
Group: deep muscles of the spine - transverospinalis
Origin: transverse processes of each vertebra
Insertion: transverse process of more superior vertebra
Action: lateral flexion of vertebral column
Innervation: cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Quadratus lumborum
Region: vertebral column
Group: spinal flexors
Origin: iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
Insertion: last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Action: together they depress ribs; alone, each produces lateral flexion of vertebral column; fixes floating ribs (11 and 12) during forced exhalation; stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation
External intercostals
Region: trunk
Group: thoracic
Origin: inferior border of each rib
Insertion: superior border of more inferior rib
Action: elevates the ribs
Innvervation: intercostal nerves, branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
Internal intercostals
Region: trunk
Group: thoracic
Origin: superior border of each rib
Insertion: inferior border of the more superior rib
Action: depresses ribs
Innvervation: intercostal nerves - branches of the thoracic spinal nerves
Rectus abdominis
Region: trunk
Group: rectus - abdominal region
Origin: superior surface of pubis, around the symphysis
Insertion: inferior surfaces of cartilages, ribs 5 - 7 and xiphoid process of sternum
Transversus abdomis
Region: trunk
Group: oblique - abdominal region
Origin: cartilages of ribs 6 - 12’ iliac crest and thoracolumnar fascia
Insertion: linea alba and pubis
Action: compresses abdomen
Innvervation: intercostal nerves 5-12, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves
Internal obliques
Region: trunk
Group: oblique group - abdominal region
Origin: thoracolumnar fascia, inguinal ligament, and iliac crest
Insertion: inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12, costal cartilages 8-10, linea alba, and pubis
Action: as above, but rotates vertebral column to same side
Innvervation: intercostal nerves 5-12, iliohypogastric, and ilioguinal nerves
External oblique
Region: trunk
Group: oblique group - abdominal region
Origin: external and inferior borders of ribs 5-12
Insertion: external oblique aponeuroses extending to linea alba and iliac crest
Action: compresses abdomen; depresses ribs; flexes, laterally flexes, or rotates vertebral column to the opposite side
Innervation: intercostal nerves 5-12, iliohypogastric, and ilioguinal nerves
Diaphragm
Region: trunk
Group: rectus group- thoracic region
Origin: xiphoid process, ribs 7-12 and associated costal cartilages, and anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: central tendinitis sheet
Action: contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
Innervation: phrenic nerves C3 - C5
Levator scapulae
Region: muscles that position of pectoral girdle
Origin: transverse processes of first four cervical vertebrae
Insertion: vertebral border of scapula near superior angle and medial end of scapular spine
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: cervical nerves C3-C4 and dorsal scapular nerve C5
Serratus anterior
Region: muscles that position the pectoral girdle
Origin: anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8
Insertion: anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
Action: protracts shoulder, rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves superiorly (upward rotation)
Innervation: long thoracic nerve C5-C7
Pectoralis minor
Region: muscles that position the pectoral girdle
Origin: anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3-5 or 2-4 and the fascia covering the associated external intercostal muscles
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: depresses and protracts shoulder, rotates scapula so glenoid cavity, moves inferiorly; elevates the ribs if scapula is stationary
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve C8, T1
