Chapter 6 - The Human Body & Health Flashcards
Organ Systems (11)
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Integumentary
Functions - Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals. Temperature control.
Organs - Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous Tissues.
Skeletal
Functions - Supports body. Protects internal organs. Mineral storage. Blood formation.
Organs - Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone Marrow.
Muscular
Functions - Locomotion. Heat production.
Organs - Muscles, Tendons.
Nervous
Functions - Coordinates activities of other organ systems. Responds to sensations.
Organs - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Eyes, Ears.
Endocrine
Functions - Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones).
Organs - Pituitary Gland, Parathyroid Glad, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads.
Circulatory
Functions - Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Removes waste products.
Organs - Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels.
Lymphatic
Functions - Returns tissue fluids to blood. Defense against foreign organisms.
Organs - Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels.
Respiratory
Functions - Oxygen/ Carbon dioxide exchange.
Organs - Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Nasal Cavities, Pharynx.
Digestive
Functions - Processes foods. Absorption of nutrients into the body.
Organs - Stomach, Intestinal Tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus, Salivary Glands.
Urinary
Functions - Elimination of waste. Regulates pH and volume of blood.
Organs - Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Reproductive
Functions - Female - Produces egg cell. Environment for growth of fetus.
Functions - Male - Produces sperm cell.
Organs - Female - Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary Glands, External Genitalia.
Organs - Male - Testes, Prostate Gland, External Genitalia.
Interaction Between Body Systems
Most tasks in the body need the support of two of more organ systems.
Interaction Example
Circulatory, Digestive & Respiratory work together to carry out cellular respiration.
Respiratory - Brings oxygen into the lungs
Digestive - Breaks food down into nutrients such as glucose.
Circulatory- Transports glucose from digestive system to the cells.
Homeostasis
Your bodies ability to adjust to external changes while maintaining a stable environment.
Negative Feedback Loops
A process that happens when your body systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is occurring.
E.g. Your digestive system uses a negative feedback loop to regulate the use of your stomach. You don’t need your stomach churning if you are not eating.
Positive Feedback Loops
A process which encourages a physical process. It amplifies your body’s response until negative feedback can take over.
E.g. Digestion - Your body makes an enzyme called pepsin that helps digest food. Before that your body will secrete and enzyme called pepsinogen in your stomach. The process of converting pepsinogen into pepsin triggers a process that helps to convert other pepsinogen molecules. Quickly supplying you with enough pepsin molecules to digest proteins.
Effects of External Environments
Homeostatic feedback also occurs in response to changes in the external environment.
E.g. Temperature regulation - being too hot simulates the sweat glands.
Protein
Role - Building and repairing cells.
Found - Beans, meat, fish and dairy.
Fats
Role - Energy and for cell membranes.
Found - Dairy, vegetable and animal oils.
Water
Role - Fills up cells and dissolves chemicals.
Found - Water, consumed as a beverage or found in foods.
Carbohydrates
Role - Used for energy.
Found - grains, bread, sweets, vegetables, pasta, rice and fruits.
Minerals
Role - Calcium for healthy bones, Iron for blood.
Found - A variety of foods such as meat, dairy, fruits etc.
Vitamins
Role - Used in small amounts to help enzymes.
Found - Small amounts in fresh fruit, vegetables, cereals etc.
Nutritional Calories
Protein 1g = 4 Calories
Carbohydrates 1g = 4 Calories
Fats 1g = 9 Calories
Pathogens
Microorganisms or viruses that cause disease.
Spread Disease (5)
Droplet Infection Direct Contact Contaminated Food/ Water By Body Fluids Vectors
Droplet Infection
Explanation - Cough/Sneeze/Talk - tiny droplets fly out your mouth and nose. If you have an infection these droplets will contain microorganisms. Someone else breathes in the droplet.
Examples - Flu, Tuberculosis, Common Cold.
Direct Contact
Explanation - Spread by skin contact.
Examples - Athletes Foot, Genital Herpes.
Contaminated Food/ Water
Explanation - Eating raw or under-cooked food & drinking water contaminated by sewage means taking in a large number or microorganisms straight to your digestive tract.
Examples - Water - Cholera and Amoebic Dysentery. Food - Salmonella
Body Fluids
Explanation - Pathogens can enter the body through body fluids - blood, cuts, scratches and needle punctures.
Examples - HIV/AIDS Hepatitis
Vectors
Explanation - An animal that spreads disease-causing organisms from one host to another without suffering harm itself. E.g. Mosquito, Houseflies.
Examples - Malaria, Dysentery, West Nile Virus.
Prevention
Many diseases can be prevented by sanitation.
Immunizations by vaccine are another way to prevent infections.
