Chapter 6 - The Human Body & Health

Question 1

Organ Systems (11)

Answer 1

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

Question 2

Integumentary

Answer 2

Functions - Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals. Temperature control.
Organs - Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous Tissues.

Question 3

Skeletal

Answer 3

Functions - Supports body. Protects internal organs. Mineral storage. Blood formation.
Organs - Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone Marrow.

Question 4

Muscular

Answer 4

Functions - Locomotion. Heat production.

Organs - Muscles, Tendons.

Question 5

Nervous

Answer 5

Functions - Coordinates activities of other organ systems. Responds to sensations.
Organs - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Eyes, Ears.

Question 6

Endocrine

Answer 6

Functions - Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones).
Organs - Pituitary Gland, Parathyroid Glad, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads.

Question 7

Circulatory

Answer 7

Functions - Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Removes waste products.
Organs - Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels.

Question 8

Lymphatic

Answer 8

Functions - Returns tissue fluids to blood. Defense against foreign organisms.
Organs - Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels.

Question 9

Respiratory

Answer 9

Functions - Oxygen/ Carbon dioxide exchange.

Organs - Lungs, Trachea, Larynx, Nasal Cavities, Pharynx.

Question 10

Digestive

Answer 10

Functions - Processes foods. Absorption of nutrients into the body.
Organs - Stomach, Intestinal Tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus, Salivary Glands.

Question 11

Urinary

Answer 11

Functions - Elimination of waste. Regulates pH and volume of blood.
Organs - Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Question 12

Reproductive

Answer 12

Functions - Female - Produces egg cell. Environment for growth of fetus.
Functions - Male - Produces sperm cell.
Organs - Female - Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary Glands, External Genitalia.
Organs - Male - Testes, Prostate Gland, External Genitalia.

Question 13

Interaction Between Body Systems

Answer 13

Most tasks in the body need the support of two of more organ systems.

Question 14

Interaction Example

Answer 14

Circulatory, Digestive & Respiratory work together to carry out cellular respiration.
Respiratory - Brings oxygen into the lungs
Digestive - Breaks food down into nutrients such as glucose.
Circulatory- Transports glucose from digestive system to the cells.

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

Your bodies ability to adjust to external changes while maintaining a stable environment.

Question 16

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 16

A process that happens when your body systems need to slow down or completely stop a process that is occurring.
E.g. Your digestive system uses a negative feedback loop to regulate the use of your stomach. You don’t need your stomach churning if you are not eating.

Question 17

Positive Feedback Loops

Answer 17

A process which encourages a physical process. It amplifies your body’s response until negative feedback can take over.
E.g. Digestion - Your body makes an enzyme called pepsin that helps digest food. Before that your body will secrete and enzyme called pepsinogen in your stomach. The process of converting pepsinogen into pepsin triggers a process that helps to convert other pepsinogen molecules. Quickly supplying you with enough pepsin molecules to digest proteins.

Question 18

Effects of External Environments

Answer 18

Homeostatic feedback also occurs in response to changes in the external environment.
E.g. Temperature regulation - being too hot simulates the sweat glands.

Question 19

Protein

Answer 19

Role - Building and repairing cells.

Found - Beans, meat, fish and dairy.

Question 20

Fats

Answer 20

Role - Energy and for cell membranes.

Found - Dairy, vegetable and animal oils.

Question 21

Water

Answer 21

Role - Fills up cells and dissolves chemicals.

Found - Water, consumed as a beverage or found in foods.

Question 22

Carbohydrates

Answer 22

Role - Used for energy.

Found - grains, bread, sweets, vegetables, pasta, rice and fruits.

Question 23

Minerals

Answer 23

Role - Calcium for healthy bones, Iron for blood.

Found - A variety of foods such as meat, dairy, fruits etc.

Question 24

Vitamins

Answer 24

Role - Used in small amounts to help enzymes.

Found - Small amounts in fresh fruit, vegetables, cereals etc.

Question 25

Nutritional Calories

Answer 25

Protein 1g = 4 Calories
Carbohydrates 1g = 4 Calories
Fats 1g = 9 Calories

Question 26

Pathogens

Answer 26

Microorganisms or viruses that cause disease.

Question 27

Spread Disease (5)

Answer 27

Droplet Infection
Direct Contact
Contaminated Food/ Water
By Body Fluids
Vectors

Question 28

Droplet Infection

Answer 28

Explanation - Cough/Sneeze/Talk - tiny droplets fly out your mouth and nose. If you have an infection these droplets will contain microorganisms. Someone else breathes in the droplet.
Examples - Flu, Tuberculosis, Common Cold.

Question 29

Direct Contact

Answer 29

Explanation - Spread by skin contact.

Examples - Athletes Foot, Genital Herpes.

Question 30

Contaminated Food/ Water

Answer 30

Explanation - Eating raw or under-cooked food & drinking water contaminated by sewage means taking in a large number or microorganisms straight to your digestive tract.
Examples - Water - Cholera and Amoebic Dysentery. Food - Salmonella

Question 31

Body Fluids

Answer 31

Explanation - Pathogens can enter the body through body fluids - blood, cuts, scratches and needle punctures.
Examples - HIV/AIDS Hepatitis

Question 32

Vectors

Answer 32

Explanation - An animal that spreads disease-causing organisms from one host to another without suffering harm itself. E.g. Mosquito, Houseflies.
Examples - Malaria, Dysentery, West Nile Virus.

Question 33

Prevention

Answer 33

Many diseases can be prevented by sanitation.

Immunizations by vaccine are another way to prevent infections.