Chapter 1 - Structures & Functions of Life

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest unit of structure and function in all living things.
New cells can only be produced from other cells.

Question 2

Specialized Cells (8)

Answer 2

Blood Cells.
Surface Skin Cells.
Bone Cells.
Columnar Epithelial & Goblet Cells.
Cardiac Muscle Cells.
Skeletal Muscle Cells.
Neuron.
Smooth Muscle Cells.

Question 3

Types of Tissue (4)

Answer 3

Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue

Question 4

Levels of Organization

Answer 4

Cellular Level -> Tissue Level -> Organ Level -> Organism Level.

Question 5

Lysosome

Answer 5

This digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and also transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed. The shape of a lysosome depends on the material being transported.

Question 6

Mitochondrion (pl. Mitochondria)

Answer 6

These cell structures vary in terms of size and quantity. Some cells may have one mitochondrion, while others have thousands. This structure performs various functions such as generating ATP, and is also involved in cell growth and death. Mitochondria contain their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus.

Question 7

Nucleolus (Nucleole)

Answer 7

This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein. It is small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Ribosomes are involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids. They are numerous, making up about one quarter of the cell. Some cells contain thousands of ribosome. Some are mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are rough (has ribosomes on the surface) and smooth (does not have ribosomes on the surface). It is a tubular network that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

This is a general term that refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus.

Question 11

Gorgi Complex (Gorgi Apperatus)

Answer 11

This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell. It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes.

Question 12

Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)

Answer 12

This is a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulates the DNA of a cell. The nucleus is the defining structure of eukaryotic cells, and all eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations. The nucleus contains a nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.

Question 13

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Answer 13

This defines the cell by acting as a barrier. It helps keeps cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. It also determines what is allowed to enter and exit the cell.

Question 14

Centriole

Answer 14

These are cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus that are involved in cellular division. Each cylinder consists of nine groups of three microtubules. Centrioles occur in pairs.

Question 15

Enzymes

Answer 15

Also found inside cells. Are proteins that help chemical reactions occur faster.

Question 16

Order Of Mitosis

Answer 16

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenisis.

Question 17

Order of Meosis

Answer 17

Interphase (I), Prophase(I), Metaphase(I), Anaphase(I), Telophase(I), Cytokenisis(I), Interphase (II), Prophase(II), Metaphase(II), Anaphase(II), Telophase(II), Cytokenisis(II).

Question 18

Prophase

Answer 18

DNA condenses into structures called chromosomes. The cell’s Nucleus dissapears.

Question 19

Metaphase

Answer 19

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.

Question 20

Anaphase

Answer 20

Chromosomes split into 2 identicles chromatids. The set of identical chromatids travel to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 21

Telophase

Answer 21

A new nucleus forms around each set of chromatids. The cell is ready to separate into 2 identical cells.

Question 22

Cytokinesis

Answer 22

This is the physical splitting of the cell (including the cytoplasm) into two cells.

Question 23

Prophase (I)

Answer 23

DNA condenses into chromosomes. Nucleus dissapears. Matching pairs of chromosomes trade segments- crossing over.

Question 24

Metaphase (I)

Answer 24

Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.

Question 25

Anaphase (I)

Answer 25

One chromosome from each pair moves to the opposite side of the cell.

Question 26

Telpohase (I)

Answer 26

The cell splits in two.

Question 27

Prophase (II)

Answer 27

Two cells have the same no. of chromosomes as the original. No replication of DNA.

Question 28

Metaphase (II)

Answer 28

Individual chromosomes line up in each cell.

Question 29

Anaphase (II)

Answer 29

Chromosomes split into chromatids. Chromatids move to opposite side of cell.

Question 30

Telpohase (II)

Answer 30

A nucleus reforms around each set of chromatids. Each cell splits in two again.