Chapter 6- The Human Body Flashcards
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.
Topographic Anatomy
Position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with palms of the hands forward
Anatomic Position
Divides the body into a front and back portion
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Divides the body into a top and bottom portion.
Transverse (Axial) plane
Divides the body into left and right (but not necessarily equal) portions.
Sagittal (Lateral) plane.
Midsagittal plane, or midline, divides body into equal left and right halves.
Fibrous tissues that connect bones to each other
Ligaments
Ropelike structures that connect muscles to bones
Tendons
Smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at mobile joints
Cartilage
Forms the foundation to which the arms and legs are attached. Composed of: Skull, facial bones, thoracic cage (rib cage), vertebral column.
Axial Skeleton
Skeleton composed of arms and legs, their connection points, and the pelvis
Appendicular skeleton
Chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels. Formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) and their 12 pairs of ribs.
Thorax
Large opening at the base of the skull where the brain connects to the spinal cord
Foremen magnum
The most posterior portion of the cranium
Occipital
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples,
Temporal bones
Bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium.
Parietal Bones
Portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
Frontal Bone
The upper, non-moveable jawbones. Assists in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate, and holds the upper teeth
Maxillae
Cheek bones.
Zygomas
The lower, movable portion of the jaw
Mandible
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck (C1-C7)
Cervical Spine
The second set of vertebrae, consisting of the 12 vertebrae below the Cervical Spine. 1 pair of ribs is attached to each vertebrae. (T1-T12)
Thoracic Spine
The 5 vertebrae below the Thoracic spine. Lower part of the back. (L1-L5)
Lumbar Spine
Five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form one bone, below the lumbar spine.
Sacrum
The most inferior portion of the spinal cord, the last four vertebrae, also fused together, form the tail bone, also called _______.
Coccyx
Breast bone, located anteriorly in the midline of the chest
Sternum
Upper section of the sternum
Manubruim
The narrow, cartilaginous tip inferiorly is called the ___________.
Xiphoid process
Forearm bone that is on the medial (pinky) side when in anatomical position.
Ulna
Forearm bone on the lateral, or thumb, side when in anatomical position.
Radius
Three bones that are fused together to form the pelvis. They are joined together posteriorly by the sacrum.
Ilium, Isschium, and Pubis
Depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s 3 component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snuggly. Where the leg joins the hip.
Acetabulum
Knee Cap
Patella
Shinbone, larger bone in the leg and lies in the anterior of the leg
Tibia
Smaller leg bone on the lateral side of the leg
Fibula
Simple movement of air between the lungs and the environment, requires the chest to rise and fall.
Ventilation
Process of gas exchange. Provides oxygen to cells, removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Respiration
Normal respiration rate for an infant
30-60 breaths per minute
Normal respiration rate for children
12-40 breaths per minute
The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath, generally 500 mL in an adult
Tidal Volume
A measure used to assess the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs in 1 minute. Calculation: Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume
Minute Volume
Normal respiration rate in adults
12 to 20 breaths per minute
Upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
Lower chambers of the heart
Ventricle
Normal heart rate in adults
60 to 100 BPM
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all parts of the body
Arteries
Carries oxygen poor blood back to the heart for reoxygenation
Veins
Sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients
Plasma
Cells that contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Cells that play a role in the body’s immune defense to fight against infection
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
These tiny, disc shaped elements are much smaller than cells and are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding.
Platelets
The amount of blood moved in 1 minute
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood moved in 1 beat
Stroke Volume
This side of the heart is a high pressure pump that pumps blood to the body
The left side
When measuring blood pressure, the high point (the top number) is measured as the heart muscle is contracting.
Systolic Pressure
The low point (the bottom number) measured when the heart is in its relaxation phase.
Diastolic pressure
