Chapter 6: The Human Body Flashcards
The human body
The time between contractions when the ventricle is relaxed and refilling with blood is called what?
Diastole
True or false
Arteries only carry blood away from the heart.
True
What muscles are recognized as involuntary muscles?
Smooth and cardiac muscles
Which of the following is the primary function of the stomach?
A. Absorption of water from food products
B. Production of bile
C. Chemical breakdown of food by acidic secretions
D. Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream
Chemical breakdown of food by acidic secretions
What membrane, found in the inner lining of the joint capsule lubricates the ends of the bones?
Synovial Membrane
What covers the larynx during swallowing and lifts up to allow for air passage during breathing?
Epiglottis
which organ secretes insulin after a large meal?
Pancreas
The Cushioning shock absorbing structures connecting the vertebrae to each other in the spinal column are called what?
Intervertebral Disks
What is the structure within a joint that attaches a muscle to a bone?
Tendon
It is within the ____ that oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream.
Alveoli or Aveolar Sacks
Ligaments
Fibrous tissues that help connect bone to bone helping to stabilize the joints
Joining the left and right pubic bones is a cartilaginous articulation that limits the movement between these two bones called the what?
A. Greater trochanter
B. Acetabulum
C. Pubic symphysis
D. Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Which of the following body systems primarily produces hormones?
A. Cardiovascular
B. Exocrine
C. Gastrointestinal
D. Endocrine
Endocrine
Which of the following respritory processes require the active use of muscles?
A. Exhalation
B. Inhalation
C. Gas exchange
D. Bifurcation
Inhalation
Ventilation is the movement of air between the lungs and the ____.
Environment
Respiration is the process of ____.
Gas exchange
Which section on the sternum is the uppermost and forms a landmark called the sternal notch?
The manubrium
Cartilage
Semirigid yet flexible tissue that covers and cushions the ends of the articulating bones
The Femoral head articulates with what part of the pelvis?
Acetabulum
At the inferior end of the femur is a joint with a specialized bone on the anterior side called the?
Patella (Kneecap)
How many lobes does each lung have?
The right lung has 3 lobes
The left lung has 2 lobes
The righ lungs lobes are the upper, middle, and lower
The left lung only
____ is a passive process in which molecules move from an are in which molecules move from an are with a higher concentration of molecules (oxygen in the air) to an area of lower concentration (oxygen in the bloodstream).
Diffusion
What 3 bones is the coxa formed by?
The Ilium, Ischium, and the pubis
The eight bones that form the wrist are called the….?
Carpals
In moving joints the ends of the bones are covered in what?
A thin layer of cartilage called Articular Cartilage
The ____ is made up of the Maxilla and Zygoma as well as the frontal bone of the cranium.
Orbit
What is the thyroid cartilage commonly known as?
Adams apple
The lower leg comprises of two bones called what?
The tibia (shinbone)
And
The Fibula (lies on the lateral side)
Transverse (axial) Plane
Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections
What are the smaller airways that branch off of the bronchus into the lungs called?
Bronchioles
What is the name of the third section (Five vertebrae) in the spinal column?
Lumbar spine
Which of the following structures closes over the trachea to protect it during swallowing?
A. Diaphragm
B. Cricoid cartilage
C. Pharynx
D. Epiglottis
Epiglottis
In which of the following locations is the femoral pulse palpated?
A. Behind the knee
B. On the medial side of the upper arm
C. At the groin
D. On the medial side of the ankle, posterior to the tibia
At the groin
What kind of joint is the shoulder?
A ball-and-socket joint
The “fight-or-flight” response is activated by the:
A. Endocrine system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Renal system
D. Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
What is a joint capsule?
Fibrous sack composed of connective tissue (connecting bone to bone)
The upper extremities extend distally from the…?
Pectoral girdle
(which comprises of the clavicle and the scapula)
Which section of the sternum is directly inferior to the manubrium?
The sternal body
The primary muscle used in breathing is the ___.
Diaphragm
What are the two bones that form the forearm, and where are they located?
The Radius, on the thumb side
and
The Ulna, on the medial or little finger side
Frontal (Lateral) Plane
Runs vertically through the body and divides it into front and back sections
What are the two projections on the sides of the femur that are used as anchor points for major muscles?
The Greater Trochanter (found proximal to the femoral head and on the lateral side)
And
The Lesser Trochanter (found on the medial side of the femur just inferior to the femoral neck)
Which component of blood is responsible for forming clotting factors to stop bleeding?
A. White blood cells
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Plasma
Platelets
Finally extending from the metacarpals are the what?
Phalanges
What is the name of the first seven vertebrae in the spinal column?
Cervical Spine
Sagittal (lateral) Plane
Runs vertically but divides the body into left and right sides
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper extremities?
A. Carpals
B. Scapula
C. Clavicle
D. Calcaneus
Calcaneus
The last inferior tip of the sternum formed by a narrow, cartilaginous structure is called what?
The Xiphoid Process
A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mmHg. The “130” in this measurement represents?
Ventricular Contraction or Systolic blood pressure
The ____ is the “potential space” between the inner lining of the chest cavity and the lungs.
Pleural Space
What type of blood surrounds the alveoli?
A. Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Arterioles
D.Arteries
Capillaries
What two body systems are critical for the life support chain?
A. Cardiopulmonary and digestive systems
B. Respiratory and endocrine systems
C. Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
D. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems
What is the name of the opening at the bottom of the skull that allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain?
Foramen Magnum
What kind of joints do the fingers, elbows and knees have?
Hinge Joints
What is the largest bone of the lower leg?
A. Tibia
B. Patella
C. Fibula
D. Femur
Tibia
What is the name of the fourth section (Five vertebrae) in the spinal column?
Sacrum
A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is?
Heat
Extending from the carpals are five bones called the?
Metacarpals (which form the palm of your hand)
What are the names of the two large hip bones in the pelvic girdle?
Coxae
What is the name of the second section (12 vertebrae) in the spinal column?
Thoracic Spine
What is the name of the fifth section (Last 4 vertebrae) in the spinal column?
Coccyx
The ____ takes up proportionally more space in a childs mouth than in an adults mouth
Tongue
____ volume is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single breath.
Tidal Volume
If a patients chest barley moves during inhalation, even if the patients respritory rate is normal, you should suspect that _____ _____ is decreased.
Minute volume
Minute volume is another measurement used to assess ventilation, it is t
The gas that remains in the lungs after exhalation simply to keep the lungs open is called what?
Residual volume
____ Gasps occur when the respritory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles.
Agonal Gasps
The Parietal pleura covers the _____.
Lining of the chest
The _ is a smooth glistening tissue that covers the lungs.
1 part of the 2 tissues that make the pleural space
Visceral pleura
What are the names of the 2 valves in the right side of the heart?
-Tricuspid valve (prevents backflow from the ventricle)
- Pulmonic Valve (Blood pumps out of the ventricle through this valve and into the pulmonary artery)
What are the names of the two valves in the left side of the heart?
- Mitral Valve (prevents backflow from the ventricle)
- Aortic Valve (Blood pumps through this valve to the Aorta)
The ___ ___ are thin bands of fibrous tissue that prevent the valves in the heart from inverting.
While one is open the other is closed
Chordae Tendinae
____ is the mount of blood moved in one beat.
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood moved in one minute is called ____.
Cardiac Output
What is the portion of the respritory system that has little or no aveoli called?
Dead Space
The ___ ____ is the middle of the arteries formed by smooth muscle that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel.
Tunica Media
The ____ arteries supply blood to the head.
Carotid
___ ___ are fragile divisions of the arterial system that allow for contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues.
Capillary Vessels
These four structures are collectively known as the great vessels.
Venae Cavae, Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, and veins.
The state of the blood vessels-how dialated or constricted they are- is reffered to as?
Systematic Vascular resistance (SRV)
____ is the circulation of blood in an organ or tissue.
Perfusion
Red blood cells contain ____, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Significant blood loss results in reduced stroke volume (SV). To compensate, the body increases (HR) and systematic vascular resistance (SVR) to maintain what?
Mean Arterial Pressure
The mean arterial pressure indicates the average arterial pressure durin
Nutrients move from the capillaries into the ____ space and into the ____ space.
Interstittal Space (Space between the cells)
Intracellular space (Within the cell)
The ____ are special pressure sensors that are spread throughout the body to allow the brain to receive information about blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
The central nervous system is made up of the?
Brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?
Nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that link the CNS to various organs throughout the body
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems make up what?
Peripheral Nervous System
The ____ nervous system regulates activities that we have voluntary control over.
Somatic nervous system
The ____ nervous system controls those functions that occur automatically.
Autonomic nervous system
What side of the body does the left hemisphere of the cerebrum control?
The right side of the body
Located under the cerebrum is the what?
Cerebellum
Controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture)
What part of the brain connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord and acts as a relay center?
The Brainstem
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
What are the two types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system
Sensory nerves and motor nerves
List the three layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin) in order from superficial to deep.
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue
What is the purpose of the epidermis?
Form a watertight barrier, provide protection from microorganisms getting inside the body while preventing fluid from escaping.
What is the purpose of the germinal layer in the epidermis?
Produces new cells that gradually ascend to the stratum corneum. Also houses the cells that produce pigment granules which gives skin its color.
The dermis is located where? And contains what?
The dermis is located under the epidermis, and contains sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerve endings.
What is the purpose of the sebaceous gland?
The sebaceous (oil) gland secretes Sebum, an oily substance that seals the skin surface (stratum corneum) from water and to prevent the skin from drying and cracking.
What organs make up the digestive tract?
The gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus.
What is digestion
Processing food that nourishes the oindividual cells of the body
What major organs lie in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomin?
Liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon
Also most of the liver lies in this quadrant under the 8th to 12th ribs*
What major organs lie in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomin?
Stomach, spleen, portion of the colon.
What major organs lie in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
Two portions of the large intestine: The Cecum and the Ascending colon.
What is located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomin (LLQ).
The descending colon, and the sigmoid colon
The esophagus extends from the end of the _ to the _ and lies just anterior of the spinal colomn.
From the end of the pharynx to the stomach.
The two jobs of the pancreas is what?
Produce digestive enzymes to break down food in the small intestine (exocrine function) and secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine function).
What are the five functions of the liver
- Poisinous substances produced by digestion are brought to the liver to be rendered harmless.
- Factors for flood clottiong and normal plasma production.
- Production of bile to assist in the normal digestion of fat.
- Primary orgen for the storage of sugar and starch for immediate use of the body.
- Produces many factors that ain in the proper regualtion of immune responses.
The liver connects with the intestines by way of the ____.
Bile ducts
The ____ is a small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver.
Gallbladder
The primary function of the lymphatic system is to what?
Rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials.
What is the function of the lymph nodes?
Filter lymph
Peristalsis is what
A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle. Occurs in the ureters to move the urine to the bladder.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in energy metabolism and storage in conjunction with oxygen, this process is reffered to as what? and what are the waste products.
Aerobic metabolism and the waste products are carbon dioxide and water.
(meaning with air)
In the absense of oxygen cells turn to a faster yet less effective means of producing ATP called ___ ____ and the biproduct is ______.
Anaerobic metabolism and Lactic acid
The inability to move gas effectively which can result in hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both is called what?
Respritory compromise
What is the V/Q ratio?
The V/Q ratio is the ventilation/perfusion ratio and it describes how much gas is effectively being moved to the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli. If either of the two variables is abnormal respritory compromise can occur.
Hemoglobin is a molecule that attaches to ___________ and carries oxygen.
- monocytes
- erythrocytes
- thrombocytes
- leukocytes
Erythrocytes
pg.214
select one of the following
Which of the following are central pulses?
Select one:
A.
Temporal and pedal
B.
Brachial and radial
C.
Popliteal and ulnar
D.
Femoral and carotid
Femoral and Carotid
pg.213
The elbow is an example of a ____________ joint.
Select one:
A. ball-and-socket
B. gliding
C. hinge
D.saddle
Hinge joint
pg.193
The body’s backup system of respiratory control, which is based on low concentrations of oxygen in the blood, is called the:
Select one:
A. oxyhemoglobin drive.
B. hypoxic drive.
C. hypocarbic drive.
D. pneumotaxic drive.
Hypoxic drive
Pg.205
The __________ fills the entire anteroposterior depth of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
Select one:
A. stomach
B. spleen
C. pancreas
D. liver
Liver
Pg.228
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a product of:
Select one:
A. stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.
B. heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.
C. heart rate and stroke volume.
D. cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.
pg.217
Signs of adequate breathing in the adult include all of the following, except:
Select one:
A. respirations of 18 breaths/min.
B. a reduction in tidal volume.
C. bilaterally clear breath sounds.
D. rhythmic inhalation and exhalation.
Reduction in tidal volume
pg.206
The part of the brain that controls the left side of the body is the:
Select one:
A. left-side cerebrum.
B. left parietal lobe.
C. right-side cerebrum.
D. right temporal lobe.
Right-side cerebrum
pg.221
A patient has a large accumulation of blood in the sac surrounding the heart. Which of the following types of shock would this condition cause?
Select one:
A. Neurogenic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Obstructive
D. Hypovolemic
Obstructive
Pg.239
The three bones that make up the shoulder girdle are the:
Select one:
A. clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
B. acromion, clavicle, and scapula.
C. acromion, scapula, and humerus.
D. acromion, humerus, and clavicle.
Clavicle, Scapula, and humerus
pg.195
Target heart rate for adults?
60 to 100 beats/min
a well conditioned athlete may have a resting heart rate from 45 to 60 beats/min
An adult at rest who is breathing normally will have respirations from 12 to 20 breaths/min
12 to 20 breaths per min
The average adult with normal blood pressure will have a systolic blood pressure of?
Between 90 and 120 systolic
