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Emt > Chapter 6: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Human Body Flashcards

The human body

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1
Q

The time between contractions when the ventricle is relaxed and refilling with blood is called what?

A

Diastole

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2
Q

True or false
Arteries only carry blood away from the heart.

A

True

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3
Q

What muscles are recognized as involuntary muscles?

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles

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4
Q

Which of the following is the primary function of the stomach?

A. Absorption of water from food products
B. Production of bile
C. Chemical breakdown of food by acidic secretions
D. Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream

A

Chemical breakdown of food by acidic secretions

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5
Q

What membrane, found in the inner lining of the joint capsule lubricates the ends of the bones?

A

Synovial Membrane

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6
Q

What covers the larynx during swallowing and lifts up to allow for air passage during breathing?

A

Epiglottis

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7
Q

which organ secretes insulin after a large meal?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

The Cushioning shock absorbing structures connecting the vertebrae to each other in the spinal column are called what?

A

Intervertebral Disks

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9
Q

What is the structure within a joint that attaches a muscle to a bone?

A

Tendon

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10
Q

It is within the ____ that oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the bloodstream.

A

Alveoli or Aveolar Sacks

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11
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous tissues that help connect bone to bone helping to stabilize the joints

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12
Q

Joining the left and right pubic bones is a cartilaginous articulation that limits the movement between these two bones called the what?

A. Greater trochanter
B. Acetabulum
C. Pubic symphysis
D. Pubis

A

Pubic symphysis

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13
Q

Which of the following body systems primarily produces hormones?

A. Cardiovascular
B. Exocrine
C. Gastrointestinal
D. Endocrine

A

Endocrine

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14
Q

Which of the following respritory processes require the active use of muscles?

A. Exhalation
B. Inhalation
C. Gas exchange
D. Bifurcation

A

Inhalation

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15
Q

Ventilation is the movement of air between the lungs and the ____.

A

Environment

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16
Q

Respiration is the process of ____.

A

Gas exchange

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17
Q

Which section on the sternum is the uppermost and forms a landmark called the sternal notch?

A

The manubrium

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18
Q

Cartilage

A

Semirigid yet flexible tissue that covers and cushions the ends of the articulating bones

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19
Q

The Femoral head articulates with what part of the pelvis?

A

Acetabulum

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20
Q

At the inferior end of the femur is a joint with a specialized bone on the anterior side called the?

A

Patella (Kneecap)

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21
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes
The left lung has 2 lobes

The righ lungs lobes are the upper, middle, and lower
The left lung only

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22
Q

____ is a passive process in which molecules move from an are in which molecules move from an are with a higher concentration of molecules (oxygen in the air) to an area of lower concentration (oxygen in the bloodstream).

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

What 3 bones is the coxa formed by?

A

The Ilium, Ischium, and the pubis

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24
Q

The eight bones that form the wrist are called the….?

A

Carpals

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25
Q

In moving joints the ends of the bones are covered in what?

A

A thin layer of cartilage called Articular Cartilage

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26
Q

The ____ is made up of the Maxilla and Zygoma as well as the frontal bone of the cranium.

A

Orbit

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27
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage commonly known as?

A

Adams apple

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28
Q

The lower leg comprises of two bones called what?

A

The tibia (shinbone)
And
The Fibula (lies on the lateral side)

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29
Q

Transverse (axial) Plane

A

Divides the body horizontally into top and bottom sections

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30
Q

What are the smaller airways that branch off of the bronchus into the lungs called?

A

Bronchioles

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31
Q

What is the name of the third section (Five vertebrae) in the spinal column?

A

Lumbar spine

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32
Q

Which of the following structures closes over the trachea to protect it during swallowing?

A. Diaphragm
B. Cricoid cartilage
C. Pharynx
D. Epiglottis

A

Epiglottis

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33
Q

In which of the following locations is the femoral pulse palpated?

A. Behind the knee
B. On the medial side of the upper arm
C. At the groin
D. On the medial side of the ankle, posterior to the tibia

A

At the groin

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34
Q

What kind of joint is the shoulder?

A

A ball-and-socket joint

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35
Q

The “fight-or-flight” response is activated by the:

A. Endocrine system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Renal system
D. Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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36
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

Fibrous sack composed of connective tissue (connecting bone to bone)

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37
Q

The upper extremities extend distally from the…?

A

Pectoral girdle
(which comprises of the clavicle and the scapula)

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38
Q

Which section of the sternum is directly inferior to the manubrium?

A

The sternal body

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39
Q

The primary muscle used in breathing is the ___.

A

Diaphragm

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40
Q

What are the two bones that form the forearm, and where are they located?

A

The Radius, on the thumb side
and
The Ulna, on the medial or little finger side

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41
Q

Frontal (Lateral) Plane

A

Runs vertically through the body and divides it into front and back sections

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42
Q

What are the two projections on the sides of the femur that are used as anchor points for major muscles?

A

The Greater Trochanter (found proximal to the femoral head and on the lateral side)
And
The Lesser Trochanter (found on the medial side of the femur just inferior to the femoral neck)

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43
Q

Which component of blood is responsible for forming clotting factors to stop bleeding?

A. White blood cells
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. Plasma

A

Platelets

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44
Q

Finally extending from the metacarpals are the what?

A

Phalanges

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45
Q

What is the name of the first seven vertebrae in the spinal column?

A

Cervical Spine

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46
Q

Sagittal (lateral) Plane

A

Runs vertically but divides the body into left and right sides

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47
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper extremities?

A. Carpals
B. Scapula
C. Clavicle
D. Calcaneus

A

Calcaneus

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48
Q

The last inferior tip of the sternum formed by a narrow, cartilaginous structure is called what?

A

The Xiphoid Process

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49
Q

A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mmHg. The “130” in this measurement represents?

A

Ventricular Contraction or Systolic blood pressure

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50
Q

The ____ is the “potential space” between the inner lining of the chest cavity and the lungs.

A

Pleural Space

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51
Q

What type of blood surrounds the alveoli?

A. Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Arterioles
D.Arteries

A

Capillaries

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52
Q

What two body systems are critical for the life support chain?

A. Cardiopulmonary and digestive systems
B. Respiratory and endocrine systems
C. Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
D. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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53
Q

What is the name of the opening at the bottom of the skull that allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain?

A

Foramen Magnum

54
Q

What kind of joints do the fingers, elbows and knees have?

A

Hinge Joints

55
Q

What is the largest bone of the lower leg?

A. Tibia
B. Patella
C. Fibula
D. Femur

A

Tibia

56
Q

What is the name of the fourth section (Five vertebrae) in the spinal column?

A

Sacrum

57
Q

A by-product of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation is?

A

Heat

58
Q

Extending from the carpals are five bones called the?

A

Metacarpals (which form the palm of your hand)

59
Q

What are the names of the two large hip bones in the pelvic girdle?

A

Coxae

60
Q

What is the name of the second section (12 vertebrae) in the spinal column?

A

Thoracic Spine

61
Q

What is the name of the fifth section (Last 4 vertebrae) in the spinal column?

A

Coccyx

62
Q

The ____ takes up proportionally more space in a childs mouth than in an adults mouth

A

Tongue

63
Q

____ volume is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single breath.

A

Tidal Volume

64
Q

If a patients chest barley moves during inhalation, even if the patients respritory rate is normal, you should suspect that _____ _____ is decreased.

A

Minute volume

Minute volume is another measurement used to assess ventilation, it is t

65
Q

The gas that remains in the lungs after exhalation simply to keep the lungs open is called what?

A

Residual volume

66
Q

____ Gasps occur when the respritory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles.

A

Agonal Gasps

67
Q

The Parietal pleura covers the _____.

A

Lining of the chest

68
Q

The _ is a smooth glistening tissue that covers the lungs.

1 part of the 2 tissues that make the pleural space

A

Visceral pleura

69
Q

What are the names of the 2 valves in the right side of the heart?

A

-Tricuspid valve (prevents backflow from the ventricle)
- Pulmonic Valve (Blood pumps out of the ventricle through this valve and into the pulmonary artery)

70
Q

What are the names of the two valves in the left side of the heart?

A
  • Mitral Valve (prevents backflow from the ventricle)
  • Aortic Valve (Blood pumps through this valve to the Aorta)
71
Q

The ___ ___ are thin bands of fibrous tissue that prevent the valves in the heart from inverting.

While one is open the other is closed

A

Chordae Tendinae

72
Q

____ is the mount of blood moved in one beat.

A

Stroke Volume

73
Q

The amount of blood moved in one minute is called ____.

A

Cardiac Output

74
Q

What is the portion of the respritory system that has little or no aveoli called?

A

Dead Space

75
Q

The ___ ____ is the middle of the arteries formed by smooth muscle that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel.

A

Tunica Media

76
Q

The ____ arteries supply blood to the head.

A

Carotid

77
Q

___ ___ are fragile divisions of the arterial system that allow for contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues.

A

Capillary Vessels

78
Q

These four structures are collectively known as the great vessels.

A

Venae Cavae, Aorta, Pulmonary arteries, and veins.

79
Q

The state of the blood vessels-how dialated or constricted they are- is reffered to as?

A

Systematic Vascular resistance (SRV)

79
Q

____ is the circulation of blood in an organ or tissue.

A

Perfusion

80
Q

Red blood cells contain ____, a protein responsible for carrying oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

81
Q

Significant blood loss results in reduced stroke volume (SV). To compensate, the body increases (HR) and systematic vascular resistance (SVR) to maintain what?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

The mean arterial pressure indicates the average arterial pressure durin

82
Q

Nutrients move from the capillaries into the ____ space and into the ____ space.

A

Interstittal Space (Space between the cells)
Intracellular space (Within the cell)

83
Q

The ____ are special pressure sensors that are spread throughout the body to allow the brain to receive information about blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

84
Q

The central nervous system is made up of the?

A

Brain and spinal cord

85
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?

A

Nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that link the CNS to various organs throughout the body

86
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems make up what?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

87
Q

The ____ nervous system regulates activities that we have voluntary control over.

A

Somatic nervous system

88
Q

The ____ nervous system controls those functions that occur automatically.

A

Autonomic nervous system

89
Q

What side of the body does the left hemisphere of the cerebrum control?

A

The right side of the body

90
Q

Located under the cerebrum is the what?

A

Cerebellum

Controls balance, muscle coordination, and posture)

91
Q

What part of the brain connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum to the spinal cord and acts as a relay center?

A

The Brainstem

92
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

93
Q

What are the two types of nerves in the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory nerves and motor nerves

94
Q

List the three layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin) in order from superficial to deep.

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue

95
Q

What is the purpose of the epidermis?

A

Form a watertight barrier, provide protection from microorganisms getting inside the body while preventing fluid from escaping.

96
Q

What is the purpose of the germinal layer in the epidermis?

A

Produces new cells that gradually ascend to the stratum corneum. Also houses the cells that produce pigment granules which gives skin its color.

97
Q

The dermis is located where? And contains what?

A

The dermis is located under the epidermis, and contains sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels and nerve endings.

98
Q

What is the purpose of the sebaceous gland?

A

The sebaceous (oil) gland secretes Sebum, an oily substance that seals the skin surface (stratum corneum) from water and to prevent the skin from drying and cracking.

99
Q

What organs make up the digestive tract?

A

The gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, and anus.

100
Q

What is digestion

A

Processing food that nourishes the oindividual cells of the body

101
Q

What major organs lie in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomin?

A

Liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon

Also most of the liver lies in this quadrant under the 8th to 12th ribs*

102
Q

What major organs lie in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomin?

A

Stomach, spleen, portion of the colon.

103
Q

What major organs lie in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

A

Two portions of the large intestine: The Cecum and the Ascending colon.

104
Q

What is located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomin (LLQ).

A

The descending colon, and the sigmoid colon

105
Q

The esophagus extends from the end of the _ to the _ and lies just anterior of the spinal colomn.

A

From the end of the pharynx to the stomach.

106
Q

The two jobs of the pancreas is what?

A

Produce digestive enzymes to break down food in the small intestine (exocrine function) and secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine function).

107
Q

What are the five functions of the liver

A
  1. Poisinous substances produced by digestion are brought to the liver to be rendered harmless.
  2. Factors for flood clottiong and normal plasma production.
  3. Production of bile to assist in the normal digestion of fat.
  4. Primary orgen for the storage of sugar and starch for immediate use of the body.
  5. Produces many factors that ain in the proper regualtion of immune responses.
108
Q

The liver connects with the intestines by way of the ____.

A

Bile ducts

109
Q

The ____ is a small pouch extending from the bile ducts that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver.

A

Gallbladder

110
Q

The primary function of the lymphatic system is to what?

A

Rid the body of toxins and other harmful materials.

111
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph

112
Q

Peristalsis is what

A

A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle. Occurs in the ureters to move the urine to the bladder.

113
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in energy metabolism and storage in conjunction with oxygen, this process is reffered to as what? and what are the waste products.

A

Aerobic metabolism and the waste products are carbon dioxide and water.

(meaning with air)

114
Q

In the absense of oxygen cells turn to a faster yet less effective means of producing ATP called ___ ____ and the biproduct is ______.

A

Anaerobic metabolism and Lactic acid

115
Q

The inability to move gas effectively which can result in hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both is called what?

A

Respritory compromise

116
Q

What is the V/Q ratio?

A

The V/Q ratio is the ventilation/perfusion ratio and it describes how much gas is effectively being moved to the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli. If either of the two variables is abnormal respritory compromise can occur.

117
Q

Hemoglobin is a molecule that attaches to ___________ and carries oxygen.
- monocytes
- erythrocytes
- thrombocytes
- leukocytes

A

Erythrocytes

pg.214

118
Q

select one of the following

Which of the following are central pulses?
Select one:

A.
Temporal and pedal

B.
Brachial and radial

C.
Popliteal and ulnar

D.
Femoral and carotid

A

Femoral and Carotid

pg.213

119
Q

The elbow is an example of a ____________ joint.
Select one:

A. ball-and-socket
B. gliding
C. hinge
D.saddle

A

Hinge joint

pg.193

120
Q

The body’s backup system of respiratory control, which is based on low concentrations of oxygen in the blood, is called the:
Select one:

A. oxyhemoglobin drive.
B. hypoxic drive.
C. hypocarbic drive.
D. pneumotaxic drive.

A

Hypoxic drive

Pg.205

121
Q

The __________ fills the entire anteroposterior depth of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
Select one:

A. stomach
B. spleen
C. pancreas
D. liver

A

Liver

Pg.228

122
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a product of:
Select one:

A. stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.
B. heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.
C. heart rate and stroke volume.
D. cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.

A

cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.

pg.217

123
Q

Signs of adequate breathing in the adult include all of the following, except:
Select one:

A. respirations of 18 breaths/min.
B. a reduction in tidal volume.
C. bilaterally clear breath sounds.
D. rhythmic inhalation and exhalation.

A

Reduction in tidal volume

pg.206

124
Q

The part of the brain that controls the left side of the body is the:
Select one:

A. left-side cerebrum.
B. left parietal lobe.
C. right-side cerebrum.
D. right temporal lobe.

A

Right-side cerebrum

pg.221

125
Q

A patient has a large accumulation of blood in the sac surrounding the heart. Which of the following types of shock would this condition cause?
Select one:

A. Neurogenic
B. Cardiogenic
C. Obstructive
D. Hypovolemic

A

Obstructive

Pg.239

126
Q

The three bones that make up the shoulder girdle are the:
Select one:

A. clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
B. acromion, clavicle, and scapula.
C. acromion, scapula, and humerus.
D. acromion, humerus, and clavicle.

A

Clavicle, Scapula, and humerus

pg.195

127
Q

Target heart rate for adults?

A

60 to 100 beats/min
a well conditioned athlete may have a resting heart rate from 45 to 60 beats/min

128
Q

An adult at rest who is breathing normally will have respirations from 12 to 20 breaths/min

A

12 to 20 breaths per min

129
Q

The average adult with normal blood pressure will have a systolic blood pressure of?

A

Between 90 and 120 systolic

Emt (6 decks)

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