Chapter 6 The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Topographic Anatomy
A
The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
2
Q
Anatomical Position
A
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
3
Q
Coronal Plane
A
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
4
Q
Transverse (axial) Plane
A
An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
5
Q
Sagittal (lateral) Plane
A
An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts
6
Q
Midsagittal plane (midline)
A
An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves
7
Q
Skeleton
A
The framework that gives the body it’s recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs
8
Q
Ligament
A
A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint
9
Q
Tendons
A
The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
10
Q
Cartilage
A
The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear
11
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage
12
Q
Thoracic Cage
A
The chest or rib cage
13
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
The portions of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle
14
Q
Thorax
A
The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessel
15
Q
Cranium
A
The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain
16
Q
Foramen magnum
A
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord
17
Q
Occiput
A
The most posterior portion of the cranium
18
Q
Temporal bones
A
The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples
19
Q
Parietal Bones
A
The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
20
Q
Frontal Bone
A
The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
21
Q
Maxillae
A
The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth
22
Q
Zygomas
A
The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
23
Q
Mandible
A
The bone of the lower jaw
24
Q
Orbit
A
The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
25
Vertebrae
The 33 bones that make up the spinal column
26
Cervical Spine
The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck
27
Thoracic Spine
The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of these vertebrae
28
Lumbar Spine
The lower page of the back, formed of the lowest five non fused vertebrae; also called dorsal spine
29
Sacrum
One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
30
Coccyx
The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone
31
Sternum
The breast bone
32
Manubrium
The upper quarter of the sternum
33
Xiphoid process
The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
34
Joint (articulation)
The place where two bones come into contact
35
Symphysis
A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
36
Joint Capsule
The fibrous sac that encloses a joint
37
Sacroiliac Joint
The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
38
Articular Cartilage
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of the bones in synovial joints
39
Synovial Membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space
40
Synovial Fluid
The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication
41
Ball-and-socket Joint
A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending
42
Hinge Joints
Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane
43
Flexion
The bending of a joint
44
Extension
The straightening of a joint
45
Shoulder Girdle
The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus
46
Clavicle
The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula
47
Scapula
The shoulder blade
48
Humerus
The supporting bone of the upper arm
49
Ulna
The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite of the thumb
50
Radius
The bone on the thumb side of the forearm
51
Ilium
One of three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring
52
Ischium
One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
53
Pubis
One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
54
Pubic symphysis
A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion
55
Acetabulum
The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
56
Femur
The thighbone, the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body
57
Femoral Head
The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
58
Greater trochanter
The bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
59
Lesser trochanter
The projection in the medial/superior portion of the femur
60
Patella
The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
61
Tibia
The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg
62
Musculoskeletal system
The bones and voluntary muscles of the body
63
Skeletal muscle
Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle
64
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity
65
Cardiac muscle
The heart muscle
66
Voluntary muscle
Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle
67
Involuntary muscle
The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body
68
Biceps
The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
69
Triceps
The muscle in the back of the upper arm
70
Respiratory system
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component part
71
Nasopharynx
The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate
72
Trachea
The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
73
Epiglottis
A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
74
Adam’s Apple
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the thyroid cartilage
75
Thyroid Cartilage
A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the Adam’s apple
76
Cricoid Cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
77
Cricothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx
78
Alveoli
The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
79
Pleura
The serous membranes coving the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space
80
Pleural space
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist
81
Diaphragm
The muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs
82
Ventilation
The movement of air between the lungs and the environment
83
Respiration
The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air
84
Diffusion
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
85
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges
86
Hypoxic drive
A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drop in the oxygen level in the blood
87
Tidal volume
The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500mL for an adult
88
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume
89
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200mL in the average adult man
90
Residual volume
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
91
Dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi
92
Minute volume
The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation
93
Labored breathing
The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired
94
Agonal gasps
Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breathe, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
95
Circulatory system
The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body
96
Systemic circulation
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
97
Pulmonary circulation
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation
98
Heart
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
99
Myocardium
The heart muscle
100
Atrium
One of the two upper chambers of the heart
101
Ventricle
One of two lower chambers of the heart
102
Pulmonary veins
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
103
Chordate tendineae
Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
104
Heart rate (HR)
The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
105
Stroke volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
106
Cardiac output (CO)
A measure if the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate
107
Tunica media
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand
108
Aorta
The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
109
Pulmonary artery
The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs carries oxygen poor blood
110
Arterioles
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the network of capillaries
111
Pulse
The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forced blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
112
Capillary vessels
The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and blood
113
Carotid artery
The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain
114
Femoral artery
The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area
115
Radial artery
The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side
116
Brachial artery
The major vessel in the upper extremities the supplies blood to the arm
117
Posterior tibial artery
The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
118
Dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
119
Sphincters
Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels
120
Superior vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart
121
Inferior vena cava
One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
122
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or construction in the blood vessel
123
Plasma
A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion
124
Red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes
125
White blood cells
Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infections; also called leukocytes
126
Platelets
Tiny disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
127
Blood pressure (BP)
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them
128
Systole
The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
129
Diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles
130
Sphygmomanometer
A device used to measure blood pressure
131
Perfusion
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet cells current needs
132
Shock
An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells do the body, also known as hypoperfusion
133
Interstitial space
The space between the cells
134
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure of water against the walls of its container
135
Oncotic pressure
The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
136
Epinephrine
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
137
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha stimulator properties
138
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
139
Beta-adrenergic receptors
Portions of the nervous system, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation
140
Adrenergic
Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted in by norepinephrine
141
Nervous system
The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary
142
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
143
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves
144
Somatic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
145
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily
146
Brain
The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment
147
Cerebrum
The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality
148
Cerebellum
One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinated the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movement
149
Brain stem
The area of the brain between the spinal cord and the cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration
150
Reticular activating system
Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal
151
Midbrain
The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
152
Pons
An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center
153
Medulla oblongata
Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiority with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
154
Spinal cord
An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal
155
Parasympathetic nervous system
A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through chemical acetylcholine
156
Sensory nerves
The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system
157
Motor nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body
158
Subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
159
Epidermis
The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body
160
Scalp
The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair
161
Germinal layer
The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
162
Stratum corneal layer
The outermost or dead layer of the skin
163
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels
164
Sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin
165
Sebaceous glands
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharged along the shafts of the hair
166
Hair follicles
The small organs that produce hair
167
Mucous membranes
The lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
168
Mucus
The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricate the body openings
169
Digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
170
Abdomen
The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion but is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
171
Cecum
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens
172
Appendix
A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
173
Retroperitoneal
Behind the abdominal cavity
174
Salivary glands
The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
175
Oropharynx
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
176
Esophagus
A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach
177
Chyme
The substance that leave the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids
178
Pancreas
A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produce the hormone insulin
179
Liver
A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses
180
Bile ducts
The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestines
181
Gallbladder
A sac on the undersuface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharged it into the duodenum through the common bile duct
182
Small intestine
The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
183
Large intestine
The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
184
Rectum
The lowermost end of the colon
185
Enzymes
Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
186
Lymph
A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxy-gen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.
187
Lymph nodes
Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
188
Endocrine system
The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones
189
Hormones
Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature
190
Adrenal glands
Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
191
Urinary system
The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
192
Kidney
Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content
193
Renal pelvis
A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder
194
Ureter
A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
195
Peristalsis
The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters of other tubular organs propel their contents
196
Urinary bladder
A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
197
Urethra
The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
198
Genital system
The reproductive system in men and women
199
Prostate glands
A small gland that surround the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid
200
Seminal vesicles
Storage space for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate
201
Testicle
A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
202
Vasa deferentia
The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
203
Ovaries
Female glands that produced sex hormones and ova (eggs)
204
Fallopian tubes
Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus.
205
Vagina
A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female gen-italia); also called the birth canal.
206
Semen
Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
207
Metabolism (cellular respiration)
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.
208
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
209
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen
210
Anaerobic metabolism
The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by product is lactic acid
211
Lactic acid
A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
212
Pathophysiology
The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
213
Respiratory compromise
The inability of the body to move gas effectively
214
V/Q ratio
A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.
