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Emergency Care And Transportation Of The Sick And Injured > Chapter 6 The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6 The Human Body Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Topographic Anatomy

A

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

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2
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

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3
Q

Coronal Plane

A

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

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4
Q

Transverse (axial) Plane

A

An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts

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5
Q

Sagittal (lateral) Plane

A

An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

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6
Q

Midsagittal plane (midline)

A

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right halves

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7
Q

Skeleton

A

The framework that gives the body it’s recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs

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8
Q

Ligament

A

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint

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9
Q

Tendons

A

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear

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11
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage

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12
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

The chest or rib cage

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13
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The portions of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

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14
Q

Thorax

A

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessel

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15
Q

Cranium

A

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain

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16
Q

Foramen magnum

A

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord

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17
Q

Occiput

A

The most posterior portion of the cranium

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18
Q

Temporal bones

A

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

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19
Q

Parietal Bones

A

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

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20
Q

Frontal Bone

A

The portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

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21
Q

Maxillae

A

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth

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22
Q

Zygomas

A

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone

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23
Q

Mandible

A

The bone of the lower jaw

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24
Q

Orbit

A

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

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25
Q

Vertebrae

A

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column

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26
Q

Cervical Spine

A

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

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27
Q

Thoracic Spine

A

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs attached to each of these vertebrae

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28
Q

Lumbar Spine

A

The lower page of the back, formed of the lowest five non fused vertebrae; also called dorsal spine

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29
Q

Sacrum

A

One of the three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

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30
Q

Coccyx

A

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone

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31
Q

Sternum

A

The breast bone

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32
Q

Manubrium

A

The upper quarter of the sternum

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33
Q

Xiphoid process

A

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

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34
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

The place where two bones come into contact

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35
Q

Symphysis

A

A type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection

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36
Q

Joint Capsule

A

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

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37
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

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38
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of the bones in synovial joints

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39
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

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40
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

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41
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

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42
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane

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43
Q

Flexion

A

The bending of a joint

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44
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a joint

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45
Q

Shoulder Girdle

A

The proximal portion of the upper extremities, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus

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46
Q

Clavicle

A

The collar bone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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47
Q

Scapula

A

The shoulder blade

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48
Q

Humerus

A

The supporting bone of the upper arm

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49
Q

Ulna

A

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite of the thumb

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50
Q

Radius

A

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm

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51
Q

Ilium

A

One of three bones the fuse to form the pelvic ring

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52
Q

Ischium

A

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

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53
Q

Pubis

A

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

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54
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

A hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion

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55
Q

Acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

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56
Q

Femur

A

The thighbone, the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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57
Q

Femoral Head

A

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint

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58
Q

Greater trochanter

A

The bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

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59
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

The projection in the medial/superior portion of the femur

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60
Q

Patella

A

The knee cap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

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61
Q

Tibia

A

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

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62
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body

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63
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle

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64
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity

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65
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The heart muscle

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66
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle

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67
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body

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68
Q

Biceps

A

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus

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69
Q

Triceps

A

The muscle in the back of the upper arm

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70
Q

Respiratory system

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component part

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71
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate

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72
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs

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73
Q

Epiglottis

A

A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering

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74
Q

Adam’s Apple

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the thyroid cartilage

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75
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx. It is more prominent in men than in women. Also called the Adam’s apple

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76
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

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77
Q

Cricothyroid membrane

A

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

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78
Q

Alveoli

A

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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79
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membranes coving the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

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80
Q

Pleural space

A

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura; described as “potential” because under normal conditions, the space does not exist

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81
Q

Diaphragm

A

The muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs

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82
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment

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83
Q

Respiration

A

The inhaling and exhaling of air; the physiologic process that exchanges carbon dioxide from fresh air

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84
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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85
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathed the meninges

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86
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

A “backup system” to control respiration; senses drop in the oxygen level in the blood

87
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500mL for an adult

88
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

89
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200mL in the average adult man

90
Q

Residual volume

A

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

91
Q

Dead space

A

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi

92
Q

Minute volume

A

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called minute ventilation

93
Q

Labored breathing

A

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired

94
Q

Agonal gasps

A

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breathe, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest

95
Q

Circulatory system

A

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that move blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body

96
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

97
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called lesser circulation

98
Q

Heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

99
Q

Myocardium

A

The heart muscle

100
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper chambers of the heart

101
Q

Ventricle

A

One of two lower chambers of the heart

102
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

103
Q

Chordate tendineae

A

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

104
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

The number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)

105
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

106
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

A measure if the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate

107
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

108
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

109
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs carries oxygen poor blood

110
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the network of capillaries

111
Q

Pulse

A

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forced blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries

112
Q

Capillary vessels

A

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and blood

113
Q

Carotid artery

A

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

114
Q

Femoral artery

A

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area

115
Q

Radial artery

A

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side

116
Q

Brachial artery

A

The major vessel in the upper extremities the supplies blood to the arm

117
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

The artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot

118
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

119
Q

Sphincters

A

Muscles arranged in circles that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes. Examples are found within the rectum, bladder, and blood vessels

120
Q

Superior vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart

121
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart

122
Q

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or construction in the blood vessel

123
Q

Plasma

A

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

124
Q

Red blood cells

A

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues; also called erythrocytes

125
Q

White blood cells

A

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infections; also called leukocytes

126
Q

Platelets

A

Tiny disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

127
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

128
Q

Systole

A

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

129
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles

130
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

A device used to measure blood pressure

131
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet cells current needs

132
Q

Shock

A

An abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells do the body, also known as hypoperfusion

133
Q

Interstitial space

A

The space between the cells

134
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

135
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

136
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

137
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha stimulator properties

138
Q

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels

139
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation

140
Q

Adrenergic

A

Pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (such as adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted in by norepinephrine

141
Q

Nervous system

A

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary

142
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

143
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves; these may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves

144
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

145
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily

146
Q

Brain

A

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment

147
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality

148
Q

Cerebellum

A

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinated the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movement

149
Q

Brain stem

A

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and the cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration

150
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Located in the upper brain stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness, specifically one’s level of arousal

151
Q

Midbrain

A

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

152
Q

Pons

A

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center

153
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Nerve tissue that is continuous inferiority with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

154
Q

Spinal cord

A

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of and is protected by the spinal canal

155
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions, mediated largely by the vagus nerve through chemical acetylcholine

156
Q

Sensory nerves

A

The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold, and pain from the body to the central nervous system

157
Q

Motor nerves

A

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

158
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

159
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of the skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body

160
Q

Scalp

A

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

161
Q

Germinal layer

A

The deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed

162
Q

Stratum corneal layer

A

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

163
Q

Dermis

A

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

164
Q

Sweat glands

A

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin

165
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharged along the shafts of the hair

166
Q

Hair follicles

A

The small organs that produce hair

167
Q

Mucous membranes

A

The lining of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

168
Q

Mucus

A

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricate the body openings

169
Q

Digestion

A

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

170
Q

Abdomen

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion but is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis

171
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens

172
Q

Appendix

A

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

173
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the abdominal cavity

174
Q

Salivary glands

A

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

175
Q

Oropharynx

A

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

176
Q

Esophagus

A

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach

177
Q

Chyme

A

The substance that leave the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids

178
Q

Pancreas

A

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produce the hormone insulin

179
Q

Liver

A

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses

180
Q

Bile ducts

A

The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestines

181
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sac on the undersuface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharged it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

182
Q

Small intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

183
Q

Large intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.

184
Q

Rectum

A

The lowermost end of the colon

185
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

186
Q

Lymph

A

A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxy-gen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.

187
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.

188
Q

Endocrine system

A

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones

189
Q

Hormones

A

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature

190
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

191
Q

Urinary system

A

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine

192
Q

Kidney

A

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

193
Q

Renal pelvis

A

A cone shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

194
Q

Ureter

A

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

195
Q

Peristalsis

A

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters of other tubular organs propel their contents

196
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

197
Q

Urethra

A

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body

198
Q

Genital system

A

The reproductive system in men and women

199
Q

Prostate glands

A

A small gland that surround the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid

200
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Storage space for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

201
Q

Testicle

A

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

202
Q

Vasa deferentia

A

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens

203
Q

Ovaries

A

Female glands that produced sex hormones and ova (eggs)

204
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Long, slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus.

205
Q

Vagina

A

A muscular, distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female gen-italia); also called the birth canal.

206
Q

Semen

A

Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

207
Q

Metabolism (cellular respiration)

A

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within cells.

208
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy

209
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

210
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by product is lactic acid

211
Q

Lactic acid

A

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).

212
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease

213
Q

Respiratory compromise

A

The inability of the body to move gas effectively

214
Q

V/Q ratio

A

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange (perfusion) occurs.

Emergency Care And Transportation Of The Sick And Injured (34 decks)

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