Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Little People Flashcards
1
Q
Emotion
A
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her
2
Q
Emotions play important roles in:
A
- Communication with others
- Behavioral organization
3
Q
Emotions play important roles in:
A
- Communication with others
- Behavioral organization
4
Q
Biological and environmental influences:
A
- Certain brain regions play a role in emotions (brain stem, hippocampus, amygdala)
- Emotion-linked interchanges provide the foundation for the infant’s developing
5
Q
Continued:
A
- Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions
- Relationships and culture provide diversity in emotional experiences
6
Q
Early emotions
A
- Primary emotions
- Self-conscious emotions
7
Q
Primary emotions
A
Present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life
8
Q
Self-conscious emotions
A
Require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”
9
Q
Emotional expression and social relationships:
A
- Crying
- Smiling
- Fear
10
Q
Crying
A
- Basic cry
- Anger cry
- Pain cry
11
Q
Basic cry
A
Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of:
- a cry
- briefer silence
- shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry
- brief rest before the next cry
12
Q
Anger cry
A
Variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
13
Q
Pain cry
A
Sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding
14
Q
Smiling
A
- Reflexive smile
- Social smile
15
Q
Reflexive smile
A
Smile that does not occur in response to external stimui
16
Q
Social smile
A
In response to an external stimulus
17
Q
Fear
A
- Stranger anxiety
- Separation protest
18
Q
Stranger anxiety
A
Fear and wariness of strangers
19
Q
Separation protest
A
Distressed crying when the caregiver leaves
20
Q
Emotional regulation and coping
A
- Caregivers’ actions and contexts can influence emotional regulations
- Soothing a crying infant helps infants develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiver
21
Q
Temperament
A
Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
22
Q
Describing and classifying temperament
A
Chess and Thomas’ classification
23
Q
Chess and Thomas’ classification
A
- Easy child
- Difficult child
- Slow-to-warm-up child
24
Q
Easy child
A
Generally in a positive mood
- Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy
- Adapts easily to new experiences
25
Difficult child
React negatively and cries frequently
- Engages in irregular daily routines
- Slow to accept change
26
Slow-to-warm-up child
Low activity level
- Somewhat negative
- Displays a low intensity of mood
27
Rothbart and Bates' classification
- Extraversion/surgency
- Negative affectivity
- Effortful control
28
Biological foundations and experience
- Biological influences
1. Contemporary view-Temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior
- Gender, culture, and temperament
1. Parents may react differently to an infant's temperament depending on gender
2. Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parents attitude and behaviors
29
Biological foundations and experience
- Biological influences
1. Contemporary view-Temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior
- Gender, culture, and temperament
1. Parents may react differently to an infant's temperament depending on gender
2. Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parents attitude and behaviors
30
Goodness of fit
Match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
31
Personality Development
- Trust
- Developing sense of self
- Independence
1. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
32
Social Orientation (Understanding)
face-to-face play
- Locomotion
- Intention and goal-directed behavior
33
Social referencing
Reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
-Infants' social sophistication and insight
34
Attachment
Close emotional bond between two people
35
Freud (Attachment)
Infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction
36
Harlow (Attachment)
Contact comfort preferred over food
37
Erikson (Attachment)
Trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care
38
Four phases of Attachment (Bowlby)
- Attachment to human figures
- Focus on one figure
- Specific attachments develop
- Become aware of others' feelings
39
Strange situation
Observational measure of infant attachment
40
Requires the infant to move through a series of:
- Introductions
- Separations
- Reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
41
Securely attached babies
Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
42
Insecure avoidant babies
Avoiding the caregiver
43
Insecure resistant babies
Cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness
44
Insecure disorganized babies
Being disorganized and disoriented
45
Interpreting differences in attachment
Developmental cascade model
46
Developmental cascade model
Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
47
Caregiving Styles and Attachment
Maternal sensitivity linked to secure attachment
48
Caregivers of insecurely attached infants tend to be:
- Rejecting
- Inconsistent
- Abusive
49
Developmental Social Neuroscience and Attachment
Connections of attachment and the brain involve:
1. Neuroanatomy of the brain
2. Neurotransmitters
3. Hormones
50
Continued
Important role in maternal attachment behavior
1. Prefrontal cortex
2. Subcortical regions of the amygdala
3. Hypothalamus
51
Continued
Role of hormones and neurotransmitters
| -Emphasized the importance of oxytocin and vasopressin
52
Social Contexts
Family
| Child care
53
Family
- Constellation of subsystems
| - Transition to parenthood
54
Transition to parenthood
- Infant care competes with parents' other interests
| - Overall increase in marital satisfaction
55
Reciprocal Socialization
Bidirectional:
| Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children
56
Scaffolding
Parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking
57
Managing and guiding infants' behavior
- Being proactive and childproofing the environment
| - Engaging in corrective methods
58
Maternal and paternal caregiving
- Maternal interactions center on child-care activities like feeding, changing diapers, and bathing
- Paternal interactions tend to be play-centered
59
Child care
Parental leave
60
Variations in child care
Factors that influence the effects are:
- Age of child
- Type of child care
- Quality of the program
61
Strategies parents can follow:
1. Quality of parenting is a key factor in child's development
2. Monitor child's development
3. Take some time to find the best child care
