Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
The Self
- The development of self understanding
- Understanding others
- Self-esteem and self-concept
- Self-efficacy
- Self regulation
- Industry vs inferiority
The development of self understanding
- Describe themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits
- Children recognize social aspects of the self
- Social comparison increases
Understanding others
- Perspective taking
- Children become skeptical of others’ claims
Perspective taking
Ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings
Self-esteem
Global evaluations of the self
Self-concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self
Self-efficacy
Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
Self-regulation
Deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts leading to increased social competence and achievement
Industry vs Inferiority
Industry: Children become interested in how things work
Inferiority: Parents who see their children’s efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority
Emotional Development
- Developmental changes
- Coping with stress
Developmental changes
- Improved emotional understanding
- Emotional awareness
- Negative emotional reactions
- Redirecting feelings
- Empathy
Coping with stress
- Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful situations
- Outcomes for children who experience disasters
Moral Development
- Influences on Kohlberg’s test
- Kohlberg’s Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning
- Kohlberg’s Level 2: Conventional Reasoning
- Kohlberg’s Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning
- Kohlberg’s critics
Influences on Kohlberg’s stages
- Cognitive development
- Experiences dealing with moral questions/conflicts
- Peer interaction and perspective taking are crucial
Kohlberg’s Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning
- Stage 1: Heteronomous morality
- Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Kohlberg’s Level 2: Conventional Reasoning
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Kohlberg’s Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning
- Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights
- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
Kohlberg’s critics
- Moral thought and behavior
- Too much emphasis on thought, not enough emphasis on behavior
- Culture and moral reasoning
- Theory is culturally biased
Emotional and Personality Development
- Kohlberg’s critics
- Gender and the care perspective
- Domain theory of moral development
- Social conventional reasoning
- Prosocial behavior
- Moral personality
- Gender
Kohlberg’s critics
Families and moral development
Gender and care perspective
- Justice perspective
- Care perspective
Justice perspective
Focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions
Care perspective
Views people in terms of their connectedness with others
-Emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
Domain theory of moral development
Different domains of social knowledge and reasoning
-Moral, social conventional, and personal domains
Social conventional reasoning
Focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus to control behavior and maintain the social system
Prosocial behavior
Behavioral aspects of moral development
Moral personality
Three possible components:
- Moral identity
- Moral character
- Moral exemplars
Gender similarities and differences
- Physical development
- Cognitive development
- Socioemotional development
Gender role classification
-Androgyny
Androgyny
Presence of positive masculine and feminine traits in the same person
-Androgynous individuals are more flexible, competent, and mentally healthy
Gender in context
Traits people display may vary with the situation
Families
- Developmental changes in parent-child relationships
- Parents as managers
- Attachment
- Stepfamilies
Developmental changes in parent-child relationships
- Parents spend less time with children during middle and late childhood
- Parents support and stimulate children’s academic achievement
- Parents use less physical forms of punishment as children age
Parents as managers
- Parents manage children’s opportunities, monitor behavior, and initiate social contact
- Important to maintain a structured and organized family environment
Attachment
- More sophisticated
- Spend less time with parents
- Insecure attachment associated with anxiety and depression
Stepfamilies
-Remarriages involving children has grown in recent years
Types of stepfamily structure
- Stepfather
- Stepmother
- Blended or complex
Peers
- Developmental changes
- Peer status
- Social cognition
- Bullying
- Friends
Developmental changes
- Reciprocity becomes important in peer interchanges
- Size of peer group increases
- Peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults
Peer status
- Popular children
- Average children
- Neglected children
- Rejected children
- Controversial children
Social cognition
Thoughts about social matters
-Important for understanding peer relationships
Bullying
-Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful
-Boys and younger middle school students are most likely affected
-70-80% of victims and bullies are in the same classroom
Outcomes of bullying are depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide
Peers
-Friends
Friends
Typically characterized by similarity
Friends serve six functions
- Companionship
- Stimulation
- Physical support
- Ego support
- Social comparison
- Affection and intimacy
Schools
- Contemporary approaches to student learning
- Socioeconomic status and culture
Contemporary approaches to student learning
Accountability
- No Child Left Behind (NCBL) legislation
- Statewide standardized testing
Socioeconomic status and culture
- The education of students from low-income backgrounds
- Cross-cultural comparisons of achievement
- Mindset
The education of students from low-income backgrounds
-Face more barriers to learning
Most low-SES area schools tend to have lower test scores, lower granduation rates, lower college attendance rates, young teachers with less ecperience, and fewer resources
Cross-cultural comparisons of achievement
- Poor performance of American children in math and science is well publicized
- Asian teachers spend more of their time teaching math than American teachers
Mindset
Cognitive view individuals develop for themselves
-Fixed mindset vs Growth mindset
