Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

The Self

Answer 1

• The development of self understanding
• Understanding others
• Self-esteem and self-concept
• Self-efficacy
• Self regulation
• Industry vs inferiority

Question 2

The development of self understanding

Answer 2

• Describe themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits
• Children recognize social aspects of the self
• Social comparison increases

Question 3

Understanding others

Answer 3

• Perspective taking

- Children become skeptical of others’ claims

Question 4

Perspective taking

Answer 4

Ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings

Question 5

Self-esteem

Answer 5

Global evaluations of the self

Question 6

Self-concept

Answer 6

Domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 7

Self-efficacy

Answer 7

Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Question 8

Self-regulation

Answer 8

Deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts leading to increased social competence and achievement

Question 9

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 9

Industry: Children become interested in how things work
Inferiority: Parents who see their children’s efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority

Question 10

Emotional Development

Answer 10

• Developmental changes

- Coping with stress

Question 11

Developmental changes

Answer 11

• Improved emotional understanding
• Emotional awareness
• Negative emotional reactions
• Redirecting feelings
• Empathy

Question 12

Coping with stress

Answer 12

• Older children generate more coping alternatives to stressful situations
• Outcomes for children who experience disasters

Question 13

Moral Development

Answer 13

• Influences on Kohlberg’s test
• Kohlberg’s Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning
• Kohlberg’s Level 2: Conventional Reasoning
• Kohlberg’s Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning
• Kohlberg’s critics

Question 14

Influences on Kohlberg’s stages

Answer 14

• Cognitive development
• Experiences dealing with moral questions/conflicts
• Peer interaction and perspective taking are crucial

Question 15

Kohlberg’s Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning

Answer 15

• Stage 1: Heteronomous morality

- Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 16

Kohlberg’s Level 2: Conventional Reasoning

Answer 16

Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Question 17

Kohlberg’s Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning

Answer 17

• Stage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights

- Stage 6: Universal ethical principles

Question 18

Kohlberg’s critics

Answer 18

• Moral thought and behavior
• Too much emphasis on thought, not enough emphasis on behavior
• Culture and moral reasoning
• Theory is culturally biased

Question 19

Emotional and Personality Development

Answer 19

• Kohlberg’s critics
• Gender and the care perspective
• Domain theory of moral development
• Social conventional reasoning
• Prosocial behavior
• Moral personality
• Gender

Question 20

Kohlberg’s critics

Answer 20

Families and moral development

Question 21

Gender and care perspective

Answer 21

• Justice perspective

- Care perspective

Question 22

Justice perspective

Answer 22

Focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions

Question 23

Care perspective

Answer 23

Views people in terms of their connectedness with others

-Emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Question 24

Domain theory of moral development

Answer 24

Different domains of social knowledge and reasoning

-Moral, social conventional, and personal domains

Question 25

Social conventional reasoning

Answer 25

Focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus to control behavior and maintain the social system

Question 26

Prosocial behavior

Answer 26

Behavioral aspects of moral development

Question 27

Moral personality

Answer 27

Three possible components: 1. Moral identity 2. Moral character 3. Moral exemplars

Question 28

Gender similarities and differences

Answer 28

- Physical development - Cognitive development - Socioemotional development

Question 29

Gender role classification

Answer 29

-Androgyny

Question 30

Androgyny

Answer 30

Presence of positive masculine and feminine traits in the same person -Androgynous individuals are more flexible, competent, and mentally healthy

Question 31

Gender in context

Answer 31

Traits people display may vary with the situation

Question 32

Families

Answer 32

- Developmental changes in parent-child relationships - Parents as managers - Attachment - Stepfamilies

Question 33

Developmental changes in parent-child relationships

Answer 33

- Parents spend less time with children during middle and late childhood - Parents support and stimulate children's academic achievement - Parents use less physical forms of punishment as children age

Question 34

Parents as managers

Answer 34

- Parents manage children's opportunities, monitor behavior, and initiate social contact - Important to maintain a structured and organized family environment

Question 35

Attachment

Answer 35

- More sophisticated - Spend less time with parents - Insecure attachment associated with anxiety and depression

Question 36

Stepfamilies

Answer 36

-Remarriages involving children has grown in recent years

Question 37

Types of stepfamily structure

Answer 37

- Stepfather - Stepmother - Blended or complex

Question 38

Peers

Answer 38

- Developmental changes - Peer status - Social cognition - Bullying - Friends

Question 39

Developmental changes

Answer 39

- Reciprocity becomes important in peer interchanges - Size of peer group increases - Peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults

Question 40

Peer status

Answer 40

- Popular children - Average children - Neglected children - Rejected children - Controversial children

Question 41

Social cognition

Answer 41

Thoughts about social matters | -Important for understanding peer relationships

Question 42

Bullying

Answer 42

-Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful -Boys and younger middle school students are most likely affected -70-80% of victims and bullies are in the same classroom Outcomes of bullying are depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide

Question 43

Peers

Answer 43

-Friends

Question 44

Friends

Answer 44

Typically characterized by similarity

Question 45

Friends serve six functions

Answer 45

- Companionship - Stimulation - Physical support - Ego support - Social comparison - Affection and intimacy

Question 46

Schools

Answer 46

- Contemporary approaches to student learning | - Socioeconomic status and culture

Question 47

Contemporary approaches to student learning

Answer 47

Accountability - No Child Left Behind (NCBL) legislation - Statewide standardized testing

Question 48

Socioeconomic status and culture

Answer 48

- The education of students from low-income backgrounds - Cross-cultural comparisons of achievement - Mindset

Question 49

The education of students from low-income backgrounds

Answer 49

-Face more barriers to learning Most low-SES area schools tend to have lower test scores, lower granduation rates, lower college attendance rates, young teachers with less ecperience, and fewer resources

Question 50

Cross-cultural comparisons of achievement

Answer 50

- Poor performance of American children in math and science is well publicized - Asian teachers spend more of their time teaching math than American teachers

Question 51

Mindset

Answer 51

Cognitive view individuals develop for themselves | -Fixed mindset vs Growth mindset