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Psychology Unit 2 Exam > Chapter 6 - Social cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Social cognition

A

how we interpret, analyse, remember and use ifo to make judgements about others and different situations

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2
Q

Person perception

A

the mental processes used to form impresions of others

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3
Q

Attributions

A

an evaluation made about the causes of behaviour and the proces of this evaluation

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4
Q

Intimate Relationship

A

relationship w/ friend, family, significant other

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5
Q

interpersonal relationship

A

no personal attachment, meeting someone new

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6
Q

formal relationship

A

professional relationship (workplace, etc.)

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7
Q

first impression

A

Initial thoughts on someone

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8
Q

non-verbal communication

A

communicating without spoken/written word

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9
Q

attractive

A

appealing/pleasing to the senses

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10
Q

body language

A

conious and unconcious bodily movements that convey feelings and attitudes

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11
Q

personal attribution

A

explanation of behaviour due to the characteristics of the person involved (internal factors)

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12
Q

situational attribution

A

explanation of behaviour due to factors expernal to the person involved

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13
Q

Affective componant (Tri-componant)

A

emotions and feelings towards something

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14
Q

Behavioural componant (tri-componant)

A

actions and behaviours that reflect out POV

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15
Q

Cognitive componant (tri-componant)

A

thoughts and beliefs about something

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16
Q

emotional reactions

A

choosing when/how to express feelings

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17
Q

actions

A

observable behaviour, usually related to a goal or achievment

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18
Q

belief

A

acceptence of the truth, reality or validity of something

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19
Q

stigma

A

negative label associated with dissaproval or rejection by others what aren’t labelled in that way

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20
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

attributing (strictly) others behaviour to only their internal/personal factor

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21
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

blaming own actions on external factors, while blaming other’s actions on internal factors (goes both ways)

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22
Q

self-serving bias

A

attributing our own success to our own character and attributiing our failure to external factors or situational causes

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23
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

psychological tension that occurs when thoughts, feeling and/or behaviours don’t align

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24
Q

cognitive bias

A

concious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality

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25
Q

false-consensus bias

A

overestimating the degree to which others share the same ideas and attitudes as we do

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26
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that confirms/supports prior beliefs or behaviours and ignores contradictory information

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27
Q

saliency bias

A

any characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous, or noticable and therefore attracts its attention

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28
Q

social catagorisation

A

process of classifying people into different groups on the basis of common characteristics

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29
Q

Heuristics

A

information processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’

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30
Q

Characteristics of ‘everyday decisions’ (in regards to heuristics)

A

Rapid, instinctive, error prone, automatic

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31
Q

Characteristics of ‘complex decisions’ (in regards to heuristics)

A

Slow, Deliberate, Effortful, Reliable

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32
Q

what are the types of heuristics?

A

Anchoring (adjustment), Availability, Representative, Affect, Base-rate fallacy.

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33
Q

What is base-rate fallacy?

A

Type of bias in which decisions and perception are influenced by memories or experiences rather than statistical fact

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34
Q

What are anchoring (adjustment) heuristics?

A

Involves forming judgements based on the first piece of info received about an idea/concept

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35
Q

What is a negative influence of the anchoring (adjustment) heuristics?

A

This type of heuristic can lead to misinterpretation

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36
Q

What is a positive influence of the anchoring (adjustment) heuristic?

A

It can help save time or reduce cognitive load

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37
Q

What are availability heuristics?

A

These enable us to make judgements or decisions based on easily accessible info

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38
Q

What is a negative influence of the availability heuristics?

A

The information that is relied on may not be the best for the moment

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39
Q

What is the representative heuristic?

A

This involves making a categorical judgement about an object or idea based on their similarity to other items in that category

40
Q

What is a positive influence of the representative heuristic?

A

Can be helpful as it allows us to be adaptive in different situations

41
Q

what is the affect heuristic?

A

uses emotions to make a judgement or decision

42
Q

What is a positive influence of affect heuristics?

A

Allows us to assess risks which can positively impact our decision making

43
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

Psychological tension that occurs when feeling, beliefs and actions don’t align

44
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

systematic error of judgement and faulty decision-making

45
Q

stereotyping

A

grouping people into a category based on common characteristics

46
Q

what are negative consequences of stereotyping?

A

Can lead to prejudice, which results in discrimination and stigma

47
Q

prejudice

A

a negative attitude/pre-conception held against people from a certain group

48
Q

majority group

A

AKA ingroup
group considered to have more power in a particular place

49
Q

Minority group

A

group considered to have less power compared to the majority

50
Q

What are Blumer’s four characteristics of the majority group?

A
  1. Tend to believe they are superior to the minority
  2. Tend to believe the minority group is different from them
  3. Tend to believe the are more important and powerful than the minority group
  4. Show insecurity, fearing the minority group may become more important and powerful
51
Q

What is discrimination

A

Negative behaviour directed towards a group and its members that arises from prejudice

52
Q

Behaviour

A

Actions in response to environmental or internal stimuli

53
Q

Direct discrimination

A

When someone is treated unfairly because of a personal characteristic

54
Q

Indirect discrimination

A

Practice/rule applied to everyone that unfairly disadvantages one group

55
Q

What is an example of indirect discrimination?

A

A trainstation only having stairs to a platform and no lift, meaning a wheelchair user or elderly person would be discriminated

56
Q

Self-stigma

A

Negative attitudes and internalised shame that people may have on themselves or their own condition

57
Q

Social stigma

A

Discrimination based on perceived characteristics that distinguishes people from others in society

58
Q

Stereotypes

A

a generalisation about the personal characteristics of members of a social group

59
Q

What is an issue with stereotypes?

A

the are an oversimplified belief that ignore individuality

60
Q

According to Anthony R. Praktanis, we use heuristics when one of five of the following conditions are met:

A
  1. When we are faced with TMI
  2. When there is limited decision making time
  3. when the decision to be made is unimportant
  4. Little info is provided for the decision making
  5. when an appropriate heuristic comes to mind at the same moment
61
Q

Types of prejudice

A

Old-fashioned prejudice, modern prejudice, explicit prejudice, and implicit prejudice

62
Q

What is old-fashioned prejudice?

A

openly rejecting members of a minority and their views towards them are obvious and recognisable

63
Q

What is modern prejudice?

A

is a type of prejudice that is more subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted

64
Q

What is explicit prejudice?

A

consciously held and usually deliberately thought about

65
Q

What is mental wellbeing?

A

current state of mind, including thinking processes and the regulation of emotions

66
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Belief in their ability to reach and achieve their goals

67
Q

Self-esteem

A

confidence in ones own abilities/worth

68
Q

Intergenerational trauma

A

untreated trauma that is passed onto following generations

69
Q

How can Prej/dis/stigma impact group mental wellbeing?

A
  • inability to deal with stress
  • mistrust in relationships
  • mental health problems
  • substance abuse
  • lower self-esteem
  • can lead to self-stigma
70
Q

What is a group?

A

two or more people who interact, influence, an share common purpoes with each other

71
Q

What are characteristics of a group?

A
  • > /= 2ppl
  • must interact for more than a few moments
  • influence each other
  • share common purpose or goal
72
Q

What are some ipmacts that prej/dis/stigma can have on GROUP mental wellbeing?

A
  • can cause mistrust on local, national, or even global scale
  • can lead to social isolation
  • can create barriers to accessing treatment
  • heightened anxiety
73
Q

What is a descendent?

A

An entity that is descended from a particular ancestor

74
Q

Impacts of intergenerational trauma on descendents

A
  • may experience difficulties with attachment
  • ” disconnection from extended families and culture
  • High levels of stress
75
Q

What are 3 different ways we can reduce prejudice

Public services

A

Through:
- eductation
- law enforcement
- Media and advocacy

76
Q

What are some ‘methods of reducing prejudice’

A

Intergroup contact, sustained contact, equality of status, mutual interdependence

77
Q

What is the role of education in reducing prejudice?

A
  • can challange negative attitudes
  • can reduce cognitive biases that we may hold
  • can help those targeted as it normalises the feeling and they feel supported
78
Q

What is the role of law enforcement in reducing prejudice?

A

can reduce the impacts prejudice has on personal and public wellbeing

79
Q

What is the role of the media and advocacy in reducing prejudice?

A

Helps to raise awareness, encourage others to report discrimination & abuse, and can provide education

80
Q

What is intergroup contact?

A

Increasing contact between two groups that are prejudiced toward each other

81
Q

What is sustained contact?

A

Ongoing conact, in/directly, to break down an individual stereotype

82
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

certain types of contact between two groups can reduce prejudice. Must have ‘mutual interdependence’ present

83
Q

What is mutual interdependence

A

A dependence on each other to achieve a goal or outcome

84
Q

What is a superordinate goal?

A

A goal that cannot be acheived by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals each group may have.

85
Q

What does equality of status mean?

A

This means that groups must have equal status to reduce the prejudice between them.

86
Q

Distinguish between social cognition and person perception.

A

Social Cognition involves all the ways we think, perceive, judge, evaluate and understand others and their behaviour Whereas Person perception refers to the mental processes we use to think about and evaluate other people

87
Q

What are some factors that influence first impressions? PBBSS

A

Physical Appearance
Body Language
Behaviour
Salience Detection
Social Categorisation

88
Q

How are attitudes formed?

A

They are learned through experience

89
Q

what are attitudes?

A

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group etc.

90
Q

why are stereotypes an ineffective way of perceiving someone?

A

it ignores individuality, it can be inaccurate, formed with little to no evidence

91
Q

What are the three componants of the tri-componant model?

A

Affective, Behavioural, Cognitive

92
Q

What influences how we form impressions?

A

A person’s physical appearance and their non-verbal cues

93
Q

What is a limitation about forming first impressions?

A

It is only patially representative and is potentially misleading.

94
Q

What are the types of cognitive bias? 5

A

Confirmation bias, Actor-observer bias, self-serving bais, false-consensus bias, Halo effect

95
Q

What are ways of reducing cognitive dissonance?

A

Change the cognition, change this behaviour, add new cognitions (justify behaviour)

Psychology Unit 2 Exam (6 decks)

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