Chapter 6 - Slides Flashcards
A hard disk drive (HDD) comes in
- 5” size for laptop computers
- 5” size for desktops
- 8” size for low-end laptops, other equipment
A hard drive can be
magnetic, solid-state, or hybrid
Most hard drives, tape drives, and optical drives use
the SATA interface standards
Three SATA standards provide data rates of
1.5 Gb/sec, 3.0 Gb/sec, and 16.0 Gb/sec
_____ is a self-monitoring technology whereby the BIOS monitors the health of a hard drive
S.M.A.R.T
When selecting a hard drive, consider
storage capacity, technology, spindle speed, interface standard, and buffer size
SATA drives require:
SATA drives require no configuration and are installed using a power cord and a data cable
Laptop hard drives plug directly into a
SATA connection on the system board
RAID technology uses an array of hard drives to
provide fault tolerance and/or improvement in performance
Hardware RAID is implemented using the
motherboard UEFI/BIOS or a RAID controller card
Software RAID is implemented in
Windows
Tape drives are an inexpensive way to
back up an entire hard drive or portions of it
File systems a storage device might use in Windows include
NTFS, exFAT, and FAT
Optical discs can be
recordable (CD-R) or rewritable (DVD-RW)
Problems caused by the hard drive during a boot:
can be caused by the hard drive subsystem, file system, or by files required by Windows to load
Solid state drive (SSD) have:
- No moving parts
- Built using nonvolatile flash memory stored on EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) chips
- Memory in an SSD is called NAND flash memory
- Lifespan is based on the number of write operations to the drive
- Expensive technology, but faster, more reliable, last longer, and use less power than magnetic drives
When it comes to magnetic hard drives, the disks or platters are:
Stacked together, spinning in unison inside a sealed metal housing
the Magnetic Hard drive’s firmware:
controls data reading, writing and motherboard communication
Read/write heads are controlled by an
actuator
When it comes Magnetic hard drive, Data is organized in concentric circles, called:
tracks
Most current magnetic hard drives use
4096-byte sectors
Tracks are divided into segments called
sectors
____ hard drives use both technologies as long as the operating system supports.
hybrid
Low-level formatting sector markings are:
sector markings are written to the hard drive at the factory
_____ use logical block addressing (LBA) to address all hard drive sectors.
Firmware, UEFI/BIOS and OS
All current hard drives use the _____ interface standards to connect to the motherboard
Serial ATA (SATA)
_____ define data speeds and transfer methods with a computer system
Interface standards
Serial ATA standards are used by all drive types and:
- Hotswapping: connect and disconnect drive while system is running
- Internal Sata Connections: Connects to one internal SATA connector on the motherboard via a 7-pin SATA data cable, uses a 15-pin SATA power connector
- Motherboard Connectors: A motherboard might have two or more SATA connectors, use connectors in the order recommended in the motherboard user guide
What are the steps to selecting and installing a hard drive?
Topics covered:
- Selecting a hard drive
- Installation details for a SATA drive
- How to install hard drive in a bay too wide for drive
- How to set up a RAID system
Why is important that the Hard drive match OS and motherboard
- Need to know what standards the motherboard or controller card providing the drive interface can use
- Consult documentation for the board or card
UEFI/BIOS uses autodetection to prepare the device
- Drive capacity and configuration selected
2. Best possible standard becomes part of configuration
What do you take into consideration when selecting a HDD?
- Drive capacity: Today’s desktop hard drives range from 1 TB for SSD to more than 6 TB for magnetic
- Spindle speed: Most common is 7200 RPM. The higher the RPMs, the faster the drive
- Interface standard: Use standards the motherboard supports
- Cache or buffer size
Ranges from 2 MB to 128 MB
What are the steps to install a SATA Drive?
Step 1: Know your starting point
Step 2: Read the documentation and prepare your work area
Step 3: Install the drive
Step 4: You are ready to prepare the hard drive for first use
What tips are there for Step 1: Know your starting point? (install a SATA Drive)
How is your system configured?
Is everything working properly?
Write down what you know about the system
What tips are there for Step 2: Read the documentation and prepare your work area (install a SATA Drive)
- Read all installation instructions first
- Visualize all the steps
- Protect against ESD and avoid working on carpet
- Handle the drive carefully
- Do not touch any exposed circuitry
- Prevent other people from touching exposed microchips
- Drain static electricity from the package and from your body by touching metal for at least 2 seconds
- If you must set it down, place it component-side up
- Do not place the drive on the computer case or on a metal table
What tips are there for Step 3: Install the drive (install a SATA Drive)
- Shut down the computer and unplug it
- Decide which bay will hold the drive
- Slide drive in the bay and secure it (use two screws on both sides)
- Use correct motherboard SATA connector
- Connect a 15-pin SATA or 4-pin Molex power connector from the power supply to the drive
- Check all connections and power up the system
- Verify drive recognized correctly via UEFI/BIOS setup
What tips/additional info are there for Step 4: You are ready to prepare the hard drive for first use (install a SATA Drive)
- Boot from Windows setup DVD
- Follow directions on the screen to install Windows on the new drive
- If installing a second hard drive with Windows installed on first drive use Windows Disk Management utility to partition and format the second drive
How do you install a Drive in a Removable Bay
- Unplug the cage fan from its power source
- Turn handle on each locking device counterclockwise to remove it
- Slide the bay to the front and out of the case
- Insert hard drive in the bay
- Use two screws on each side to anchor the drive in the bay
- Slide the bay back into the case
- Reinstall the locking pins
- Plug in the cage fan power cord
How do you install a small drive in a wide bay:
- Use a universal bay kit to securely fit a small drive into the bay
- The adapter spans the distance between the sides of the drive and bay
How do you install a hard drive in a laptop:
- General guidelines: See manufacturer’s documentation for drive sizes and connector types.
Be aware of voiding manufacturer’s warranty - Considerations when shopping for a laptop drive:
Laptop drive is 2.5 or 1.8 inches wide. May use SSD (solid state device) technology. Hard drives connector: SATA or PATA (older laptops). If upgrading, may want to use a USB-to-SATA converter, so both drives can be working and you can copy files from one to the other - Older laptop computers required disassembly
- Newer notebooks: easy to replace. If UEFI/BIOS setup uses autodetect:
a) System boots up and UEFI/BIOS recognizes new drive
b) Searches for an operating system
c) If a new drive: boot from Windows recovery CD and install the OS
What is RAID?
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, a technology that configures two or more hard drives to work together as an array of drives
Why use RAID?
- To improve fault tolerance by writing two copies of it, each to a different hard drive
- To improve performance by writing data to two or more hard drives to that a single drive is not excessively used
What are the types of RAID?
- Spanning (JBOD)
- Raid 0
- Raid 1
- Raid 5
- Raid 10
What is JBOD/Spanning Raid
Uses two hard drives to hold a single Windows volume
When one drive is full, data is written to second drive
What is RAID 0?
uses two or more physical disks
Writes to physical disks evenly across all disks so that no one disk receives all activity
Windows calls RAID 0 a striped volume
What is RAID 1?
Mirroring
Duplicates data on one drive to another drive and is used for fault tolerance (mirrored volume)
What is RAID 5?
Uses three or more drives
Stripes data across drives and uses parity checking
Data is not duplicated
What is RAID 10?
RAID 1+0 (pronounced RAID one zero)
Combination of RAID 1 and RAID 0
Takes at least 4 disks
Data is mirrored across pairs of disks
How do you implement Hardware RAID?
Through the RAID controller or RAID controller card, the motherboard does the work.
What should you do to have optimal RAID performance
All hard drives in an array should be identical in brand, size, speed, other features
If Windows is to be installed on a RAID hard drive then:
RAID must be implemented before Windows installed
General directions to install RAID 5 array using three matching SATA drives:
- Install drives in the computer case and connect each to motherboard
- Boot system and enter UEFI/BIOS setup. Verify drives recognized, select option to configure SATA, and select RAID
3 Reboot the system. Press Ctrl and I to enter the RAID configuration utility
- Select option 1 to “Create RAID Volume.” Select RAID 5 (Parity), stripe size value, volume size. Create volume
What are External Enclosures?
- Hard drives are sometimes stored in external enclosures. Make it easy to expand storage capacity of a single computer or make available hard drive storage to an entire network
- For network attached storage (NAS). Enclosure connects to the network via Ethernet port
- Hard drives inside the enclosure might use a SATA connection
What to know about supporting external enclosures:
- Enclosure might contain firmware that supports RAID
- To replace a hard drive in an enclosure, see the documentation for the enclosure
- If a computer case is overheating, remove hard drives from the case and install them in an external enclosure
- It is better to leave the hard drive that contains the Windows installation in the case
What is a tape drive
an inexpensive way of backing up a hard drive
What is WORM (write once read many)
assures data written will not be deleted or overwritten
What is a disadvantage of a tape drive?
- data is stored by sequential access
- To read data from anywhere on the tape, you must start at the beginning of the tape and read until you find the data you want
- Slow and inconvenient
Two kind of tape drive:
Full-sized data cartridges
Minicartridges - popular because their drives can fit into a standard 3-inch drive bay of a PC case
Common types of tape cartridges:
DDS (Digital Data Storage) LTO (Linear Tape-Open) DLT (Digital Linear Tape) SDLT (Super Digital Linear Tape) Travan AIT (Advanced Intelligent Tape) SLR (Scalable Linear Recording)
Types of file systems:
NTFS, exFAT, FAT32 and FAT
What is a File system
used to manage data stored on a device
Overall structure the OS uses to name, store, and organize files on a drive
In Windows, each storage device is assigned a driver letter
What file systems do CD Drives use?
CDFS or UDF
How do you replace an optical drive on a laptop?
- Unplug the AC adapter and remove the battery pack
- Remove keyboard (not all laptops require this step)
- Remove screw holding DVD drive to the laptop
- Slide drive out of the bay and new drive into the bay
a) Ensure connection with drive connector
b) Replace the screw
What file systems do USB drives use?
FAT or exFat system
What is a jump drive?
a USB flash drive
SDHC and SDXC slots are _____ with SD cards
backward compatible
When trying to solve a problem with the boot:
Decide if the problem is caused by hardware or software
What is something you can do for your Hard Drive if it has slow performance?
Try running the defragmentation tool on the hard drive
The Windows defragmentation tool:
rearranges fragments or part of files in contiguous clusters so files are easier and faster to find
Harddrive problems usually show up at
POST
Harddrive problems could be due to:
drive, data cable, electrical system, motherboard, or a loose connection
Things to do and check before opening case (for the hard drive)
- Check to see if UEFI/BIOS displays a numeric error code or other message during POST
- Check UEFI/BIOS setup for errors in the hard drive configuration
- Try booting from another bootable media
- For a RAID array, use the firmware utility to check the status of each disk in the array and check for errors
If the problem is still not solved, open the case and do these things (hard drive problems):
(17 Steps kill self)
- Remove and reattach all drive cables
- If using a RAID, SATA, PATA, or SCSI controller card, remove and reseat it or place in a different slot
- Inspect drive for damage
- Determine if hard drive is spinning by listening to it
- Check the cable for frayed edges
- Check installation manual
- S.M.A.R.T. errors mean data should be backed up and drive replaced as soon as possible
- Use Windows tools for checking a hard drive
- Check the drive manufacturer’s web site for diagnostic software
- Move the device to a working computer and install it as a second drive
- Exchange the three field replaceable units
- Use Windows tools for checking a hard drive
- Check the drive manufacturer’s web site for diagnostic software
- Move the device to a working computer and install it as a second drive
- Try these things to clean the drive and get a fresh start: Format the drive and use diskpart to start over with a fresh file system
- If your drives whines loudly, try replacing it
- A bad power supply or a bad motherboard also might cause a disk boot failure
What do you do to exchange the three field replaceable units:
- Reconnect or swap the data cable
- Reseat or exchange the controller card
- Exchange the hard drive for a known good drive
