Chapter 10 - Slides Flashcards
What is a Active Partition
Primary Partition on the drive that boots the OS.
What is a Basic Disk
Term windows uses for a stand-alone drive.
What is a BootMgr
the boot manager program responsible for loading Windows.
What is a cluster
on a magnetic drive, one or ore sectors that constitute the smallest amount of space for storing data.
What is a defrag
windows command that examines the drive for fragmented files and rewrites them to the drive in continuous clusters.
What is a Dynamic Disk
Way to partition drives so they can work together to store data like RAID.
What is a Extended partition
on a MBR drive, the only partition that can contain more than one logical drive. hard drives can only have one extended partition.
What is FAT
Table on a hard drive that used by FAT file system that tracks clusters used to contain a file.
What is a Fragmented file
a file that has been written to different partions of the disk so that it is not in continues clusters.
What is Hardware RAID
Implemented using UEFI/BIOS and Raid Controller Card.
What is High-level formating
process performed by the windows format program, the windows installation program, or the disk management utility. this creates the boot record, file system and and root directory.
What is low-level formatting
A process that electronically creates the hard drive tracks and sectors, and tests for bad spots on the disk surface.
What is “md” command
Windows command to create directory’s
What is pagefile.sys
windows swap file that is used to hold the virtual memory that is used to enhance physical memory in the system.
What is primary partition
Hard disk partition that can be used to boot the system.
What is quick format
a format procedure that does not scan the volume or drive for bad sectors.
What is “rd” command
Windows command to delete a directory or group of directory’s.
What is registry
A database that windows uses to store hardware and software configuration information, user preferences, and setup information.
What is “robocopy”
similer to and more powerful than the xcopy command.
What is Sector
The smallest unit of bytes addressable by the operating system and UEFI/BIOS.
What is Shadow Copy
A copy of open files made so that open files are included in a backup.
What is simple volume
type of volume used on a single hard drive
What is system image
the backup of the entire windows volume.
What is track
one of many concentric circles on a hard disk drive.
What is UDF
file system for optical media.
What is virtual memory
a a method whereby the os uses the hard drive as though it were RAM.
What is windows powershell
A command-line interface that processes objects, called cmdlets.
What is “xcopy”
command to copy files and folders more powerful than the copy command.
What is CDFS (Compact Disk File System)
The 32-bit file system for CD discs and some CD-R and CD-RW discs. AKA UDF.
What is Globally Unique Identifier Partition Table (GUID or GPT)
One of two methods used to organize partitions on a hard drive. A GPT partitioning system installed on a hard drive can support 128 partitions and is recommended for drives larger than 2TB.
What is thin provisioning
A technique used by Storage Spaces in Windows whereby virtual storage free space can be configured as if it has more virtual storage than the physical storage allotted to it. When the virtual storage free space is close to depletion, the administrator is prompted to install more physical storage.
What is EFI System Partition (ESP)?
The original version of UEFI that was first developed by Intel.
What is “Dir” command?
The Windows command to list files and directories.
What is custom refresh image?
In Windows 8, an image of the entire Windows volume, including the Windows installation. The image can be applied during a Windows 8 refresh operation.
The MBR partitioning system requires:
legacy BIOS and a 32-bit OS
The GPT partitioning system requires:
UEFI and a 64-bit OS
Commands useful to manage files, folders and storage media include:
help, dir, del, ren, copy, recover, expand, xcopy, robocopy, MD, CD, RD, chkdsk, defrag, and format
Windows 8 Storage Spaces is (erm was?) expected to replace:
Windows solution for software RAID and can support thin provisioning
Preventive maintenance will alleviate:
slow computer performance
Some regular tasks to perform for preventive maintenance:
- Verifying critical Windows settings
- Update drivers and firmware
- Patch management
- Clean up the hard drive
- Checking drive for errors
- Move the virtual memory paging file
Three Windows settings are critical for keeping a system protected:
- Windows Updates
- Antivirus/Anti-Malware Software
- Network Security Settings
A few devices have firmware on the device that can be updated called:
flash firmware
To flash the firmware on a controller card:
- Download the flash image file from the device manufacturer’s website
- Click Browse and locate the file
- Click Program Flash to begin the firmware update
The term x86 refers to
32-bit CPUs and OSs
The term x64 refers to
64-bit OSs
The term IA64 refers specifically to
64-bit Intel processors
Windows requires about _% hard drive free space
15% since it uses it for defragmenting drives, burning CDs and DVDs, and other tasks
Ways to improve drive performance and free up space:
- Defragmenting the drive
- Checking for errors
- Compressing folders
- Moving files and folders to other drives
What is User Profile Namespace
when a user logs onto Windows a user profile is created.
What are the two general items that User Profile Namespace consists of?
- A user folder (C:\Users)
2. Ntuser.dat (C:Users/username)
Registry location:
C:\Windows\System32\config
Backup of the registry location:
C:\Windows\System32\config\RegBack
Fonts folder location:
C:\Windows\Fonts
Temporary files location:
C:\Windows\Temp
Offline file location:
C:\Windows\CSC
*Client side caching folder
Use the Windows Disk Cleanup utility to delete:
temporary files
How do you use the Windows Disk Cleanup Utility:
- Open Windows Explorer, right-click the volume that Windows is installed on, and select Properties
- On the General tab, click Disk Cleanup
- To see temporary system files that can also be deleted, click Clean up system files
- If even more space is needed click the More Options to see what else could be deleted
What is defragment?
to rearrange fragments or parts of files so each file is stored in contiguous clusters
What type of Hard Drive uses Defragmentation and how often?
Magnetic HDD, once a week
What is the Error checking utility found in HDDs?
searches for bad sectors on a volume and recovers the data from them if possible
How do you use the Error Checking Utility?
- Right-click the drive and select Properties from the shortcut menu
- Click the Tools tab and click Check (Check now in 7/Vista)
- In the Error Checking dialog box, click Scan drive (in 7/Vista, check Automatically fix file system errors and Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors and Click Start)
What is Virtual memory?
a file used to enhance the amount of RAM in a system
To save space you can move the:
virtual memory paging file (Pagefile.sys)
How do you move the virtual memory paging file?
Move Pagefile.sys to another partition on the same or different drive
Decisions to make for a backup and recovery plan:
- Decide on backup destination
- Decide on the backup software
- Decide how simple or complex your backup strategy should be
- Test the recovery process
- Keep backups in a safe place and routinely test them
Windows 8 File History backs up user data stored in several locations, including:
Libraries, user desktop, Internet Explorer favorites, contact folders and offline OneDrive files
How do you use Windows 8 File History?
- Connect your backup device and open Control Panel in classic view, then click File History
- To turn on File History, click Turn on
- To manage backups, click Advanced settings
- On the Advanced Settings window, set how often backups are made and how long old backups should be kept
How do you use File History to Recover a Corrupted/Lost File or Folder?
- To recover items from File History, click Restore personal files in the File History window
- Use left/right arrow keys on either side of the green button at the bottom of the window to select a backup and drill down into a backup to find the file or folder
- Select an item and click Restore button
What is Windows System Protection?
automatically backs up system files and stores them at regular intervals
What is a Restore Point?
Condition at time a snapshot taken and includes Windows system files
How often are Restore Points made?
At Least every 24 Hours
How much HDD space do Restore Points require?
15% of Disk Space
What happens when you use a Restore Point?
- User data not altered
- Can affect installed software, hardware, user settings, and OS configuration settings
- Changes made to settings are lost after restore point is created
How do you return the system to a previous restore point?
- Click Start, type rstrui.exe in the Search box and press Enter
- System Restore box opens, click Next
- Select a restore point and click Next
- Windows asks you to confirm, click Finish and respond to warning box
What are the limitations of the System Restore?
- System Protection must be turned on
- Recovers from errors only if registry somewhat intact
- Process cannot remove virus or worm infection
- Process might create a new problem
- Process might make many changes to a system
- Restore points kept in a hidden folder on the hard drive
- Viruses and malware sometimes hide in restore points
- Can launch System Restore using startup recovery tools
What is a Custom refresh image?
an image of the entire Windows volume including the Windows installation
When is the best time to create a refresh image:
Right after you’ve installed Windows, hardware, applications, and user accounts
The Custom Refresh Image is stored in:
in a file named CustomRefresh.wim
.wim = Windows Imaging File Format
What are the Steps to create a Windows 8 custom refresh image:
- Open an elevated command prompt window
- Press Win+X and click 3. Command Prompt (Admin)
Enter this command:
recimg /createimage D:\MyImage
The ___ command can also be used to manage refresh images
recimg
All data is stored on a hard drive in ____
sectors
Each sector on drive is the same size, which is
512 bytes
What is ReFS?
– Resilient File System (ReFS) designed to improve on the NTFS file system by offering better fault tolerance and allowing for better compatibility with virtualization and data redundancy
Windows assigns two functions to partitions:
Active and Boot Partitions
What is a Boot Partition?
partition where Windows OS is stored
Windows has two levels of command prompt windows:
Standard and Elevated Windows
What is a Standard Window?
The default directory, which is currently logged on the user’s folder
Commands requiring administrative privileges will not work
What is an Elevated Window?
requires the user to logon as an administrator
The word “administrator” will appear in the title bar
Default directory will be C:\Windows\system32
What does the “cls” command do?
Clears the the CMD window
What does pressing the up arrow do on the command prompt?
retrieves the last command
What does pressing the right arrow do on the command prompt?
retrieves the last command line one character at a time
Press ___ , ___ or ____ to terminate a command before it is finished
Ctrl+C, Ctrl+Break or Ctrl+Pause
What does the “Recover” command do?
Attempts to recover a file when parts corrupted
What does “expand [/d] []” do?
Extracts files from compressed distribution files, which are often used to distribute files for software installations
What is Windows PowerShell ?
designed to replace the command prompt utility
What are processed objects on the Windows Powershell called?
cmdlets
____ is the primary tool for managing hard drives and manages partitions, prepare a new drive for first use, mount a drive, use Windows dynamic disks, or troubleshoot problems with the hard drive
Disk Management
How can one Resize, Create, and Delete Partitions?
Open Disk Management, use one of these methods:
- Press Win+X and click Disk Management
- Press Win+S, type diskmgmt.msc, and press Enter
How do you use Disk Management to prepare a drive for first use?
Step 1: Initialize the Disk
When initialized, Windows identifies the disk as a basic disk, which is a single hard drive that works independently of other hard drives
Step 2: Create a Volume and Format It with a File System
Right-click in the unallocated space, select New Simple Volume from the shortcut menu, and follow directions on-screen
What is mounting a drive?
Mounted drive is a volume accessible by a folder on another volume
Use Disk Management to Troubleshoot Hard Drive Problems if you see the following Drive/Volume Statuses:
Healthy Failed Online Active EFI System Partition Unallocated Formatting Basic Dynamic
With _____, you can create a storage pool using any number of internal and external backup drives
Storage Spaces
Why are Storage spaces useful?
They are designed for resiliency and are resistance of a configuration against data loss in the event of drive failure
