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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 - skin/appendages > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - skin/appendages Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s largest organ?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

Describes the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, and skin, glands)

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3
Q

Two primary layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Where is the hypodermis?

A

underneath the dermis

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5
Q

What is thin skin?

A

Thin skin, covers most of the body’s surfaces (1-3 mm thick);

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6
Q

What is thick skin?

A

thick skin, coveres soles and palms (4-5 mm thick)

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7
Q

What is the epidermis cell types?

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cells, and tactile epithelial cells

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8
Q

What is keratinocytes?

A

fully keratinized, element of the outer skin, 90% of all cells present

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9
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

pigment producing cells; contributes to skin color and filter ultraviolet (UV) light, 5% of total

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10
Q

What are epidermal dendrite cells?

A

branched antigen-presenting cells; play a role in immune response (also called langerhans cells)

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11
Q

What are tactile epithelial cells(merkel cells)?

A

attach to sensory nerve endings to form “light touch” recepetors

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12
Q

What are the skin layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale (base layer), stratum spinosum (spiny layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum lucidum (clear layer), and stratum corneum (horny layer)

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13
Q

Stratum basale layer (base layer):

A

single layer of columnar cells; only these cells go through mitosis and then migrate through the other layers until they shed

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14
Q

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer):

A

cells arrange in 8-10 layers with desmosomes that pull cells into spiny shapes; rich in RNA– can initiate protein synthesis required for production of keratin

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15
Q

Stratum granulosum (granular layer):

A

cells arrange into 2-4 layers and fill with keratin granules; high levels of lysosomal enzymes

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear level):

A

cells filled with keratin precursor called “eleidin”; absent in thin skin

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17
Q

Stratum corneum (horny layer):

A

most superficial layer; dead cells filled with keratin (barrier area)

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18
Q

Turnover or regeneration time in Epidermal growth and repair:

A

Turnover or regeneration time refers to time required for epidermal cells to form in the stratum basale and migrate to the skin surface - approximately 35 days.

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19
Q

What regulates epidermal growth and repair?

A

epidermal growth factor

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20
Q

What is dermoepidermal junction?

A

a basement membrane with unique fibrous elements and a polysaccharide gel “glue” the epidermis to the dermis below. The junction is a partial barrier to the passage of some cells and large molecules

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21
Q

What is the dermis responsible for?

A

gives strength to the skin, serves as a reservoir storage area for water and electrocytes, plays a critical role in temperature regulation

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22
Q

Layers of dermis?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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23
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

contains fine collagenous and elastic fibres and the dermoepidermal junction, unique pattern that gives individuals fingerprints, composed of dermal papilae that prpject into the epidermis

24
Q

What is the dermal growth and repair?

A

the dermis does not continually sged and regenerate itself as does the epidermis

25
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia; forms connective between skin (dermis) and other structures, NOT PART OF THE SKIN

26
Q

Melanin basic determinants?

A

quantity, type and distribution of melanin

27
Q

Types of melanin?

A

Eumelanin (dark brown, almost black) and pheomelanin (reddish, orange)

28
Q

Melanin formed from tyrosnie by melanocytes:

A

melanocytes release melanin into packets called meanosomes and melanosomes are ingested by surrounding keratinocytes and form a cap over the nucleus

29
Q

What is Albinism?

A

congenital absence of melanin

30
Q

What is melanin:

A

skin color

31
Q

Other pigments:

A

beta-carotene, hemoglobin, bile pigment

32
Q

Beta-carotene is:

A

group of yellowish pigment from food, can also contribute to skin color

33
Q

Hemoglobins are:

A

color changes also can occur as a result of changes in blood flow; redder skin colour when blood flow to the skin increases, cyanosis is when bluish color caused by darkening of hemoglobin when it looses oxygen & gains carbon dioxide, bruising can cause a rainbow of different colors inn the skin

34
Q

What is lanugo?

A

fine and soft hair present before birth

35
Q

What is papilla?

A

clusters of capilaries under germinal matrix

36
Q

What is root?

A

part of hair embedded in follicle in dermis

37
Q

What is shaft?

A

visible part of hair

38
Q

What is medulla in hair?

A

inner core of hair

39
Q

What is the cortex?

A

outer portion of hair

40
Q

Color of hair:

A

results in different amounts, distribution, types of melanin in cortex of hair

41
Q

Growth of hair:

A

growth and rest periods alternate; hair on head averages 5 inches per year

42
Q

Sebaceous glands:

A

glands that attach to and secrete sebum (skin oil) into follicle

43
Q

Nails consist of?

A

epidermal cells converted to hard keratin

44
Q

Nail body is?

A

visible part of each nail

45
Q

Nail root is?

A

part of nail in groove hidden by folded skin (CUTICLES)

46
Q

Nail lunula is:

A

moon shaped white area nearest root

47
Q

Nail bed is?

A

layer of epithelium under nail body, contains abundant blood vessels

48
Q

Growth of nail?

A

nail grows by mitosis od cells in stratum basale beneath the lunula; 0.5mm/wk or 1inch/yr

49
Q

What are the sweat glands in the skin?

A

Eccrine glands and apocrine glands

50
Q

What is the eccrine gland?

A

most numerous and quite small, distributed over total body surfaces with a few exceptions

51
Q

What is the eccrine glands function?

A

secretes perspiration or sweat; eliminates wastes and help maintain a constant core temperature

52
Q

What is the aporine gland?

A

located deep in subcutaneous layer, begins to function at puberty, around axilla, aeola of breastm and around anus

53
Q

Skin glands are?

A

sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands

54
Q

What is the sebaceous gland?

A

secretes sebum that keeps hair and skin soft and pilant and prevents excessive water loss from skin, increase in adolescence–may lead to formation of pimples and blackheads

55
Q

What is the cercuminous gland?

A

modified apocrine sweat glands, protect area from dehydration

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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