Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Exam 2 > Chapter 6: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five major functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. movement
  4. storage
  5. blood cell production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of cartilage is associated with bone?

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of hyaline cartilage

A

a. it is the precursor for most bones of the body

b. bone lengthening and repair often involve producing hyaline cartilage first, then replace with bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what cell type is produces hyaline cartilage

A

chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When will chondroblasts convert to chondrocytes?

A

once matrix surrounds it which contains collagen and proteoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are lacunae?

A

spaces in matrix where chondrocytes resicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

double layered connective tissue that covers cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bone to muscle

A

tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tendons and ligaments both contain

A

dense regular connective tissue, containing collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the organic components of the matrix?

A

collagen and proteoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What gives the matrix its flexible strength?

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A bone’s inorganic material is mineral known as

A

hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a hydroxyapitie

A

crystallized calcium phosphate which gives the bone matrix the quality of weight-bearing strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

to form both organic and inorganic bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of osteclasts?

A

resorption (breakdown) of bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

in lacunae, with extensions in canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

canals in matrix containing extensions of osteocytes and allow direct passage of material between osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts

A

reabsorption of bone matrix

a. secrete H+ ions to create an acidic environment that decalcifies matrix
b. secrete enzymes to digest the protein components of the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoctyes are derived from what?

A

Osteochondral progenitor stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What makes up the matrix?

A

osteoblasts
collagen
hydroxapatile
proteoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of bone is lamellar and what does this mean?

A

Mature bone
its matrix is organized into thin sheets or layers
are sandwiched into layers between the lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If collagen fibers are oriented into a single layer they are what?

A

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

if collagen fibers are oriented into one layer compared to adjacent layers?

A

at an angle to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

consists of interconnecting rods/plates

oriented within the bone along lines of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What fills the spaces between the trabeculae?

A

red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is compact bone comprised of?

A

osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does each osteon contain?

A
  1. central canal: containing blood vessels and nerves and lined with endosteum
  2. concentric lamellae: around the central canal
  3. Osteocytes within lacunae, connected by canaliculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the bone’s surface is surrounded by what?

A

circumferential lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Blood vessels from the bone’s surface membrane or its medullary canal are in what?

A

perforating or Volkmann’s canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In which direction do perforating or Volkmann’s canal run to the central canals for exchange of nutrients and wastes

A

transversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a concentric lamallae?

A

part of the bones that surround central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is the interstitial lamallae located?

A

between osteons

34
Q

examples of long bone

A

upper and lower limbs

35
Q

examples of short bone

A

carpals and tarsals

36
Q

examples of flat bones

A

ribs, sternum and skull scapula

37
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial

38
Q

what is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

the shaft composed primarily of compact bone tissue with a central canal medullary cavity containing mostly yellow marrow in adults

39
Q

epiphyses of a long bone

A

the end of long bones composed primarily of spongy bone tissue

40
Q

epiphyseal plate of long bone

A

the growth plate located between the diaphysis and epiphysis, where bone growth takes place until the plate becomes an ossified epiphyseal line

41
Q

what happens to a long bone after it stops growing

A

becomes an ossified epiphyseal line

42
Q

What are bone spaces filled with?

A

bone marrow

43
Q

where is the best location to harvest red marrow for bone marrow transplant

A

hip bone, largest amount of spongy bone

44
Q

what is the outer layer of a periosteum made out of and what does it contain?

A

dense irregular connective tissue and contains blood vessels and nerves

45
Q

what does the inner layer of a periosteum consists of?

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, OPC

46
Q

what is a endosteum?

A

single layer of cells lining internal surfaces of all cavities within bones

47
Q

three types of endosteum

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, OPCs

48
Q

what type of bone is interior spongy bone framework sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

A

flat bones

49
Q

what type of bone is center composed of spongy bone, outer surfaces of compact bone

A

short and irregular bones

50
Q

What is the intramembranous ossification

A

used to form many skull bones and the mandible and diaphyses of clavicles

51
Q

Endochondral ossification is used to form what bones?

A
  1. base of skull
  2. part of mandible
  3. epiphysis of clavicle
  4. most of remaining bones of skeletal system
52
Q

What are the two ways in which bone grow?

A

longitudinally (at growth plate) and appositionally (in width)

53
Q

What are the four zones of a epiphyseal plate?

A
  1. zone of resting cartilage
  2. zone of proliferation
  3. zone of hypertrophy
  4. zone of calcification
  5. zone of ossification
54
Q

on the diaphyseal side of the plate, calcification causes what to happen?

A

causes the hypertrophied chondrocytes to die and blood vessels invade the area

55
Q

during longitudinal growth, what happens to the blood vessels?

A

they arrive from the endosteum and deposit bone matrix on the surface of the zone of calcification

56
Q

what maintains the bone’s shape?

A

remodeling

57
Q

where does the zone of resting cartilage?

A

nearest the epiphysis

58
Q

what happens during the zone of proliferation

A

chondrocytes divide rapidly, forming columns and produce new cartilage

59
Q

what happens during the zone of hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes produced in the zone to mature and enlarge

60
Q

what happens during the stage of calcification?

A

matrix in mineralized with Ca

61
Q

where also do long and short bones lengthen by a similar mechanism?

A

articular cartilage

62
Q

what is the appositional bone growth?

A

beneath the periosteum increased the diameter of long bones and the size of other bones

63
Q

what do osteoblasts from the periosteum form?

A

ridges with grooves between them

64
Q

what eventaully happens to the ridges in the periosteum

A

they grow together, converting the grooves into tunnels filled with concentric lamellae to form osteons

65
Q

what to osteoblasts from the periosteum do?

A

lay down circumferential lamellae, which can be remodeled

66
Q

how is the potential size and shape determined?

A

genetically

67
Q

What are the three factors that affect gone growth?

A
  1. size and shape
  2. nutrition
  3. hormones
68
Q

what may nutritional deficiencies may prevent

A

full height and proper bone shape

69
Q

What does Vitamin D deficiency inhibit?

A

Calcium absorption so mineralization of the bones is reduced

70
Q

What does Vitamin C deficiency inhibit?

A

collagen synthesis so organic components of the bone matrix cannot be properly maintained

71
Q

What happens to bones when you have too much Vitamin D? Vitamin C?

A

Vitamin D: bones are brittle

Vitamin C: bones bend

72
Q

what are hormones essential in?

A

correct concentrations for bone growth

73
Q

purpose of growth hormone?

A

cartilage and appositional growth

74
Q

purpose of thyroid hormone?

A

stimulates growth of most tissue

75
Q

purpose of estrogen and testosterone

A

initial growth and then ossification of metaphysis; grow fast and then quick

76
Q

in bone remodeling osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts lay down new bone in order to…

A
  1. convert woven to lamellar bone
  2. change a bone’s shape
  3. modify the bone’s strength in response to stresses
  4. repair fractues
  5. regulate body Ca+ ion to levels
77
Q

When is parathyroid hormone released?

A

when blood Ca++ is low, to increase levels

78
Q

What does PTH target?

A

a. bone: to break done matrix by increasing osteoclast activity
b. intestines: to increase Ca+ absorption
c. kidney: to produce vitamin D and to reabsorb Ca++ from filtrate

79
Q

When does calcitonin hormone released?

A

when blood Ca++ is too high, to reduce levels

80
Q

What does calcitonin target?

A

a. bone: to keep osteoclast activity low
b. intestines: to decrease Ca+ absorption
c. kidney: to increase Ca++ excretion in urine

81
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

main bone matrix

A&P Exam 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions