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General Psychology > Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment (tongue, skin, nose, eyes, and ears)

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

A

Perception

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3
Q

Sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

A

Sensory receptors

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4
Q

Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. Begins with external stimulation (dog barking or the smell of pizza cooking) and that info comes up the brain for higher processing (technically sensation)

A

Bottom-up processing

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5
Q

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. Brain’s ability to handle the general and make it more specific to tasks without having to focus on every single sense (technically perception)

A

Top-down processing

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6
Q

The conversion of one form of energy into another. Transferring information into a neural impulse. (Getting excited when you hear your favorite song or getting angry when someone is yelling at you)

A

Transduction

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7
Q

Involves the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. Is tested by defining the point where half the time is stimulus is detected and half the time it is not. (Sight tests, eye exams, and pressure points are all examples of tests of this)

A

Absolute threshold

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8
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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9
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. Our predisposition or readiness to perceive particular features of a stimulus or a predisposition to see one thing and not another. Also, a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affect our senses. (If a researcher put a big bouquet of flowers and asked 20 people to describe the flowers, there would be 20 different responses, also kids like fries better if they were served in a McDonald’s container over a regular container, even though they were the same fries)

A

Perceptual set

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10
Q

The distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short gamma waves to the long pulses of radio transmission.

A

Wavelength

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11
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

A

Hue

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12
Q

The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height)

A

Intensity

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13
Q

Transparent part of the outer covering of the eye, the area in which light passes

A

Cornea

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14
Q

Small adjustable opening specifically through which light passes

A

Pupil

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15
Q

Colored part of your eye, which is a muscle surrounding your pupil

A

Iris

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16
Q

Focuses incoming light rays onto an image on the retina

A

Lens

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17
Q

Lining at the back of the eyeball lined with two types of receptor cells which are rods and cones

A

Retina

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18
Q

A small area in the center of the retina that has the highest concentration of cones (helps us see in fine detail)

A

Fovea

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19
Q

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects, onto the retina

A

Accommodation

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20
Q

Help us see peripherally and at night or dim light. No color but black, white, and gray. These are extremely sensitive to light and they’re also sensitive to movement

A

Rods

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21
Q

Responsible for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision

A

Cones

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22
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue. Which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

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23
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.

A

Opponent-process theory

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24
Q

Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

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25
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there.

A

Blind spot

26
Q

Collect information about the visual world. They are the major output cells of the retina

A

Ganglion cell

27
Q

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at once. Brain’s ability to do many things simultaneously

A

Parallel processing

28
Q

The tendency to perceive an object we are familiar with to be the same, even as the image stricken the retina changes.

A

Perpetual constancy

29
Q

An organized whole.

A

Gestalt

30
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure-ground

31
Q

The perpetual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

32
Q

Grouping nearby figures together

A

Proximity

33
Q

Perceiving smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

A

Continuity

34
Q

Filling in the gaps to create a whole object (words dnt ned every lttr)

A

Closer

35
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions even though images that strike the retina are two dimensional. This allows us to judge distance. It is present at least in part at birth and in other animals

A

Depth perception

36
Q

Visual information taken in by two eyes. Allows us to see in 3d

A

Binocular cues

37
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

A

Retinal disparity

38
Q

Stimulus or object that serves to guide behavior. Something that catches both eyes (can also be taste, auditory, non-verbal)

A

Cues

39
Q

Cues used for depth perception that involve one eye only. You can detect if things are far away or not with only one eye

A

Monocular cue

40
Q

Involves the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field (glasses, lenses, surgery

A

Perceptual adaption

41
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

42
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

43
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

44
Q

Decoding sound waves

A

First, sound waves strike the eardrum causing it to vibrate. The tiny bones in the middle ear pick up the vibrations and transmit them to the cochlea. Ripples in the fluid of the cochlea bend the hair cells lining the surface that in turn trigger impulses and nerve cells. Axons from these nerve cells transmit a signal to the auditory cortex

45
Q

Nerve deafness or damage to the cell receptors, hair cells, or nerve endings

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

46
Q

Transmission of hearing is impaired

A

Conduction hearing loss

47
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implant

48
Q

Touch is a mix of what four distinct senses?

A

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

49
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals are allows them to pass on to the brain. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain (not noticing a mortal wound in war because the brain is focused on surviving)

A

Gate-control theory

50
Q

Specialized sensory neurons that alert us to potentially damaging stimuli at the skin by detecting extremes and temperature, pressure, and injury related to chemicals. They are found in the skin, muscles, joints, bone, and viscera (body organs/body cavaties

A

Nociceptors

51
Q

A social interaction in which one person suggests to another the certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

A

Hypnosis

52
Q

A splitting consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

A

Disassociation

53
Q

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

A

Posthypnotic suggestion

54
Q

Our sense of smell

A

Olfaction

55
Q

Taste is broken up into five subsets. What are they?

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

56
Q

How many receptors does a tastebud have?

A

200

57
Q

Olfactory (smell) cells are located in what?

A

Olfactory bulbs

58
Q

Our system for sensing the positions and movement of individual body parts. It interacts with our vision.

A

Kinesthesia (kinesthetic sense)

59
Q

Sense of movement related to balance. There’s a series of structures in the inner ear that let us know where we are regarding the ground. Involves the cochlea from the ear which is where the fluid is that detects movement

A

Vestibular sense

60
Q

Involves the influence of bodily sensations and gestures on your psychological states. It also suggests that our body is responsible for thinking and problem solving. (When watching sports or playing a videogame the body reacts to what’s being seen

A

Embodied cognition

General Psychology (3 decks)

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